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UNIVERSITY  OF  PENNSYLVANIA 

THE    iMUSEUM 

ANTHROPOLOGICAL  PUBLICATIONS 

Vol.  Ill  No.  3 


EXCAVATIONS  IN  EASTERN  CRETE 
VROKASTRO 


BY 

K.  IT.  MALL 


PIIILADKI.l'IlIA 

PUBLISHED    BY    THE    UX  UKRSITY    MUSEl^M 

1914 


\. 


v^ 


Art 
Library 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 


^         INTRODUCTION 79 


THE    HOUSES: 

Architecture 86 

Stratification 89 

Objects  Found 99 

>i'         THE   TOMBS: 

^  Chamber-Tombs 123 

Bone-Enclosures 153 

PiTHOS-BuRIALS !  73 

Rock-Shelter  Interment 175 

CONCLUSION ,76 


(77) 


EXCAVATIONS   IN   EASTERN   CRETE, 
VROKASTRO. 


INTRODUCTION. 


During  the  last  decade  and  a  half,  the  excavations  which 
have  been  carried  on  in  the  island  of  Crete  have  been  confined 
almost  entirely  to  sites  dating  from  the  bronze  age.  The  splendid 
results  of  these  excavations  are  now  so  well  known  as  to  need 
no  recapitulation.  Successive  stages  have  been  traced  in  the 
histor\-  of  a  brilliant  civilization  which  had  its  rise  in  a  remote  era 
of  the  third  millennium  and  maintained  itself  until  the  closing 
centuries  of  the  second  millennium  B.  C.  It  is  only  natural  that 
while  the  attention  of  the  archaeological  world  has  been  focused 
on  these  Minoan  discoveries  the  more  primitive  culture  of  the 
succeeding  age  of  iron  should  have  received  less  than  its  due  share 
of  honor.  Pottery  ornamented  with  geometric  patterns,  the 
characteristic  product  of  the  iron  age,  has  been  found  in  abun- 
dance in  Cretan  soil,  but  of  the  vases  decorated  in  this  geometric 
style  which  have  been  brought  into  the  Candia  Museum,  many, 
found  bv  peasants,  have  not  been  published  at  all;  others, 
unearthed  by  archaeologists,  have  been  but  scantilx'  described 
and  inadequately  reproduced.' 

1  The  principal  publications  dealing  with  geometric  remains  of  Crete  are:  Orsi,  A.  J.  A., 
1897,  pp.  251-265;  ?>oyd,  A.  J.  A.,  1901,  pp.  125-157;  Halbherr  and  Mariani,  j'c/.,  pp.  259-314; 
Hogarth,  6.  5.  .^.  VI,  pp.  82-85;  Bosanquet,  id.  VIII,  pp.  231-25 1 ;  Droop,  id.  XII,  pp.  24-62; 
Mackenzie,  id.  Xlil,  pp.  428-445;  Mariani,  Man.  Ani.  VI,  pp.  342-348  :ind  PI.  XII, 
58-62;  Halbherr,  /,/  XII,  pp.  114-118;  Wide,  Jahrhiich,  i8()(),  pp.  35  4^:  Alhni.  .Mitl. 
XXII,  pp.  233-258. 

(79) 


8o  ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PUB.    UNIV.    OF    PA.    .MUSEUM,    VOL.    IH. 

There  ha\e  not  been  wanting,  however,  scholars  who  have 
realized  the  importance  of  this  period;  Dr.  Duncan  Mackenzie 
in  his  masterlv  analysis  of  the  pottery  of  the  early  iron  age^ 
has  indicated  the  probable  place  of  the  Achaean  invasion  in  the 
series  of  inroads  b\-  northerners  into  the  island.  Certainly 
it  is  b\-  a  detailed  studv  of  the  remains  of  this  epoch  that  the 
relations  of  the  Minoan  culture  to  that  of  classical  Greece  may 
best  be  determined.  Ihe  more  exact  our  knowledge  of  this 
period,  the  clearer  our  conception  of  the  extent  and  date  of 
invasions  intermediate  between  the  fall  of  Minoan  power  and 
the  dawn  of  classical  Greece. 

It  was  in  the  hope  of  throwing  light  on  such  problems  of 
ethnology  and  chronology  that  excavations  were  undertaken  for 
the  University  Museum  at  a  lofty  site  called  Vrokastro.  This 
hill  had  been  visited  by  Mrs.  C.  H.  Hawes  and  Mr.  R.  B.  Seager 
in  1903  and,  on  the  evidence  of  numerous  walls  and  of  sherds 
picked  up  on  the  surface,  had  been  regarded  as  a  promising  place 
f(jr  geometric  remains.  Two  campaigns  were  devoted  to  this 
site;  the  earlier  in  1910  lasted  but  three  weeks,  the  second 
was  carried  on  during  May  and  June,  1912.  The  number  of 
men  employed  ranged  from  twenty-five  to  sixty,  according  to 
whether  houses  or  tombs  were  being  dug,  a  smaller  number 
being  required  for  tombs.  The  men  who  worked  with  picks 
and  knives  were  mostly  veterans  trained  at  previous  excavations; 
the  rest  of  the  force  was  enrolled  at  the  neighboring  village  of 
Kalo  Khorio  (KaXo  XcupLo).  The  work  was  under  the  super- 
vision of  the  writer;  she  was,  however,  greatly  aided  by  the 
adviceof  Mr.  Seager,  who  paid  frequent  visits  to  the  excavations. 
To  .Mr.  Seager's  courtesy  the  expedition  was  also  indebted  for 
the  loan  of  excavation  tents,  for  the  use  of  his  house  at  Pacheia 

'  Loc.  cil. 


E.    H.    HALL — EXCAVATIONS   IN   EASTERN  CRETE,    VROKASTRO.  8  I 

Ammos  as  headquarters,  and  for  help  in  the  difficult  matter  of 
procuring"  supplies.  .  it  is  a  pleasure  also  to  acknowledge  the 
kindness  of  Air.  Hagidakis  and  Mr.  Xanthoudides,  who,  as 
heretofore,  did  all  in  their  power  to  aid  the  Museum's  work  in 
Crete. 

Vrokastro^  {BpoKaarpo),  a  shortened  form  of  'E/3/3atd- 
Kaa-Tpo,  is  the  name  given  to  a  steep  limestone  spur  which  rises 
to  a  height  of  nearly  a  thousand  feet  on  the  east  side  of  the  green 
and  picturesque  valley  of  Kalo  Khorio.  Its  north  and  west 
faces  are  scarcely  accessible,  but  on  the  east  there  is  a  winding 
path  used  by  goatherds  and  by  those  who  cultivate  the  small 
terraces  built  here  and  there  against  the  mountain-side.  The 
south  face  is  connected  by  a  saddle  with  the  hills  behind.  With 
the  exception  of  a  few  of  the  steepest  crags,  this  entire  mountain, 
from  the  summit  to  the  sea,  is  stre\Vn  with  potsherds.  House- 
walls  and  retaining  walls  may  also  be  traced  among  the  bushes, 
and  enough  of  these  have  been  examined  to  show  that  they  belong 
to  the  geometric  period.  The  appearance  of  Vrokastro  at  the 
height  of  its  power  must  have  been  similar  to  that  of  an  Italian 
hilltown  of  to-day. 

That  so  steep  and  barren  a  mountain  should  have  been 
chosen  as  a  place  of  human  abode  invites  speculation.  Two 
reasons  present  themselves.  To  a  people  living  in  fear  of  sud- 
den invasion  by  sea,  Vrokastro  presented  marked  advantages. 
The  north  face  of  the  mountain  is  broken  by  crags  and  pointed 
pinnacles  of  rock  which  would  have  served  admirably  as  lookouts. 

*  This  is  a  common  place-name  in  Greek  lands,  cf.  i'ernot,  Melodic';  popuhiires  grecques   de 
I'isle  de  Chio,  song  48,  p.  63: 

oAu  TO.  KtuTTfiu  iirrjya,  KaaTf)    tyvpicra 

crav  TTji;    E/3pt«s  to  Kaarpo.  Knarpo  80'  tlSii. 


82  ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PUB.    UNIV.    OF    PA.    MUSEUM,    VOL.    HI. 

Watchmen  stationed  here  could  have  discerned  boats  far  out  at 
sea  and  could  have  signaled  their  approach  to  men  sowing  or 
harvesting  in  the  plains  below  in  time  to  allow  them  to  reach 
safely  the  high  retreat  on  the  summit  before  the  hostile  boats 
were  beached.  Moreover,  Vrokastro  was  but  a  part  of  the 
iron  age  settlement.  On  the  hills  to  the  south,  especially  on 
Karakovilia  (Kapaxo/SiXta),  which  lies  immediately  behind  and 
which  is  joined  to  Vrokastro  by  a  saddle,  were  found  both  houses 
and  tombs.  A  circuit  of  five  kilometers  indeed  would  scarcely 
include  the  district  where  traces  of  geometric  remains  abound. 
For  this  entire  area  as  well  as  for  the  valley  of  Kalo  Khorio, 
Vrokastro  would  have  served  as  a  lookout  and  citadel.  Again, 
we  may  suppose  that  at  some  stage  at  least  in  the  history  of 
the  site  the  valle\-  had  been  seized  by  invaders  who  had 
reduced  their  predecessors  to  the  position  of  perioikoi  and 
driven  them  to  the  less  promising  districts  like  Vrokastro  and 
the  hills  behind  it. 

The  sketch  map  of  PI.  XVI 1  shows  the  relation  of  Vrokastro 
to  the  neighboring  localities  where  excavations  were  carried  on. 
With  the  exception  of  Kalo  Khorio  there  is  no  village  at  any  of 
these  places;  the  names  are  given  by  Cretan  custom  to  the 
land  itself,  each  ridge,  valley,  or  mountain-peak  having  its 
own  special  name.  Karakovilia,  Mazi  Khortia  (Ma^vxoprta), 
and  Amigthali  ('A/tvySaXt)  are  three  rough,  upland  moors  as 
wild  and  rocky  as  Vrokastro  but  with  less  precipitous  faces. 
Kopranes  ( KoTipai^c?)  is  a  foot-hill  of  Vrokastro  and  is  only 
a  little  higher  than  the  Kalo  Khorio  valley. 

The  short  campaign  of  1910  was  devoted  to  the  summit 
of  X'rokastro  in  the  hope  that  some  trace  of  a  shrine  might 
there  be  brought  to  light.     Nothing,  however,  save  the  tangle 


E.  H.  HALL— EXCAVATIONS  IN  EASTERN  CRETE,  VROKASTRO.       83 

of  house-walls  shown  in  PI.  XVIII  appeared.  The  depth  of 
deposit,  which  was  sometimes  as  much  as  three  meters,  seemed 
remarkable  for  so  bare  and  rugged  a  mountain.  The  object 
of  the  season's  work  in  1912  was  first  to  clear  more  houses  and 
ascertain  the  date  of  the  walls  along  the  northern  face  of  the 
mountain,  and  secondly  to  find  the  tombs  belonging  to  this 
settlement.  The  men  were  accordingly  set  to  work  at  the 
opening  of  the  season  to  clear  a  stretch  of  hillside  on  the  north 
face  of  the  mountain,  some  100  meters  below  the  summit. 
The  main  force  of  workmen  was  occupied  here  for  a  month, 
though  now  and  again  men  were  detailed  either  to  sink  trenches 
adjacent  to  house-walls  further  down  the  slope  or  to  try  places 
which  promised  well  for  tombs. 

The  very  first  day,  in  fact,  a  workman  was  sent  to  Karako- 
vilia  to  a  spot  which  had  attracted  my  attention  in  1910,  but 
which  could  not  then  be  conveniently  tested,  inasmuch  as  it 
lay  beneath  a  guy  rope  of  a  tent.  The  place  was  marked  by 
a  pile  of  tumbled  stones,  and  proved  upon  investigation  to  be 
the  site  of  a  rectangular  chamber-tomb.  It  is  somewhat  doubt- 
ful whether  the  pile  of  stones  which  appeared  on  the  surface 
was  really  a  part  of  the  fallen  roof  of  the  tomb;  it  may  have 
been  merely  a  chance  occurrence.  The  best  clue,  as  we  later 
learned,  for  locating  such  tombs  was  the  white,  chalky  soil 
called  "kouskoura,"  from  which  they  were  cut.  Most  of  them, 
moreover,  were  built  under  the  shelter  of  a  ledge  or  projecting 
spur  of  rock  so  that  they  might  be  protected  against  the 
disasters  of  washouts. 

It  was  hoped  that  with  the  discovery  of  this  large  chamber- 
tomb,  the  cemetery  of  Vrokastro  had  been  located  and  that  the 
finding  of  other  tombs  would  be  an  easy  task.  But  such  was 
not  the  case.     Trial  trenches  sunk  in  the  neighborhood  of  this 


84  ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PUB.    UNIV.    OF    PA.    MUSEUM,    VOL.    III. 

tomb  revealed  nothing  hut  house-walls,  and  subsequent  experi- 
ence pointed  also  to  the  conclusion,  that  tombs  had  been  inter- 
spersed among  houses.  Later  in  the  season  the  workmen  of 
the  third  class  were  sent  awa\'  and  the  rest  of  the  force  began 
a  systematic  search  for  burials.  As  a  result  two  more  chamber- 
tombs  and  six  bone-enclosures  were  found  at  Mazikhortia; 
another  chamber-tomb,  a  cave  burial,  and  a  pithos  interment 
were  found  at  Amigthali;  and  both  chamber-tombs  and  bone- 
enclosures  were  found  further  down  the  mountain  at  Kopranes. 
And  everv'where,  both  adjacent  to  these  tombs  and  in  places 
where  search  for  tombs  was  unsuccessful,  house-walls  of  the 
geometric  period  constantly  came  to  light.  These  were  no 
more  than  tested  except  on  Vrokastro  in  the  spots  already 
mentioned. 

In  several  places  Alinoan  remains  were  located,  and  first 
on  X'rokastro  itself,  where  the  Minoan  vases  described  below 
were  found  at  a  low  level.  North  of  the  Kopranes  graves,  a 
Minoan  house  was  dug  which  \  ielded  Late  Minoan  1  potsherds 
and  a  good  sealstone.  At  Kato  Arniko  (Karco  \\pvi.K6)  an 
Early  Minoan  cave  was  cleared,  and  lastly,  at  a  little  promon- 
tor\'  called  Priniatiko  Pirgo  {JlpividTiKo  Uvpyo),  an  extensive 
Minoan  settlement  was  discovered  which  yielded  during  the 
week  that  excavations  were  carried  on  there,  beautiful  speci- 
mens of  the  Vasiliki  mottled  style,  of  rippled  bowls,  and  of 
other  Late  Minoan  I  products,  (Fig.  46).  The  pottery  was 
splendidly  preserved.  The  only  disadvantage  of  this  site  as  a 
place  for  future  excavations  is  that  the  upper  deposit  dates  from 
the  Roman  period,  and  that  Roman  walls  have  in  manv  places 
cut  into  the  .Minoan  remains.  This  promontory  of  Priniatiko 
Pirgo  was  doubtless  the  shipping  station  for  a  large  Minoan 
town  which  must  be  sought  further  up  the  Kaln  Khorio  \'alley 


E.    H.    HALL — EXCAVATIONS    IN    EASTERN    CRETE,    VROKASTRO. 


8s 


near  and  under  the  present  village  of  Kalo  Khorio.  Excellent 
sherds  of  the  Middle  Minoan  111  and  Late  Minoan  I  periods 
were  brought  to  us  by  peasants  working  the  thick  alluvial  soil 
between  the  village  and  Kato  Arniko. 


Fig.  46.     Minoan  Pottery  from  Priniatiko  Pirgo  (i  ;  6). 

Mention  should  also  be  made  of  an  extensive  Graeco- 
Roman  site  located  on  the  peninsula  called  Nisi  (N^o-i).  Coins 
of  Aluntium  are  frequently  found  in  this  vicinity  and  it  may  be 
that  this  settlement  should  be  so  identified. 


86  ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PUB.    UNIV.    OF    PA.    MUSEUM,    VOL.    III. 


THE   HOUSES. 
Architecture. 

Ihe  houses  uncovered  on  X'rokastro  show  a  minimum  of 
architectural  skill.  In  both  groups,  that  excavated  in  1910  and 
that  in  ic)i2,  there  were  few  rooms  which  were  either  sufficiently 
regular  in  shape  or  large  enough  to  constitute  a  dwelling-room 
that  by  modern  civilized  standards  would  be  considered  endur- 
able. The  reason  is  not  far  to  seek.  To  erect  symmetrical 
and  spacious  houses  on  Wokastro  would  have  involved  an 
elaborate  series  of  terraces  that  would  have  imposed  a  vast 
expenditure  of  time  and  labor  on  the  most  skilled  builders. 
And  the  people  of  the  iron  age  were  not  under  favorable  cir- 
cumstances skilled  builders.  Some  of  the  houses  unearthed 
by  Mrs.  Hawes  at  Kavousi  are,  it  is  true,  solidly  and  regularly 
constructed  and  the  building  found  near  the  bone-enclosures 
on  Karakovilia  seems  also  to  imply  better  methods,  but  in 
general  it  may  be  said  that  this  people  to  an  even  greater  extent 
than  their  predecessors  of  the  bronze  age  were  content  to  live 
in  small  and  poorly  constructed  rooms. 

Of  the  group  of  houses  excavated  in  1912,  no  plan  was 
attempted.  An  amateur  plan  of  that  uncovered  in  191  o  is 
shown  in  PI.  Will.  No  elevation  of  the  site  was  drawn,  but 
the  photograph  of  PI.  XXII  shows  the  chief  variations  in  level. 
The  letters  on  the  photograph  refer  to  those  on  the  plan. 

The  walls  of  Vrokastro  are  built  of  small  stones  with  no 
other  binding  material  than  clay  or  mud  daub.  No  bricks  or 
squared    stones    appeared.       Dressed    stones,    however,    were 


E.  H.  HALL — EXCAVATIONS  IN  EASTERN  CRETE,  VROKASTRO.      87 

found  in  the  building  on  Karakovilia.  In  several  rooms  upright 
faces  of  native  rock  served  as  a  wall.  In  such  cases  thev  were 
faced  with  rubble  masonry  which  was  remarkably  well  pre- 
served. This  method  of  building  can  be  paralleled  in  modern 
Cretan  villages;  in  Kritsa  the  face  of  the  steep  rock  against 
which  the  houses  are  built  makes  the  fourth  wall  in  more  than 
one  room. 

Only  one  road  about  which  there  can  be  no  dispute  was 
found.  It  is  marked  2  on  the  plan,  and  probably  led  to  the 
saddle  connecting  with  the  hills  to  the  south.  Beside  it  was 
a  drain  built  of  small  stones  like  those  beside  roads  in  Pseira. 
It  is  possible  that  24  and  26  were  also  originally  roads  and  that 
the  walls  of  small  stones  built  across  them  are  of  later  origin. 

There  being  thus  no  roads  to  divide  the  houses  into  blocks, 
it  becomes  quite  impossible  to  distinguish  separate  houses.  In 
all  probability  the  houses  were  built,  like  those  on  Pseira,  in 
successive  terraces,  the  part  of  the  house  on  any  one  terrace 
not  exceeding  two  stories  in  height.^  One  well-preserved 
staircase  is  shown  in  PI.  XXI 1 1,  5. 

Some  of  the  walls  do  not  enclose  rooms  at  all,  but  merel\' 
shut  off  the  rocks  where  these  emerge  above  the  surface.  Rooms 
17  and  19,  e.  g.,  are  both  more  regular  in  plan  for  the  interven- 
ing rocks  having  been  cut  off  by  walls.  1  his  method  was,  of 
course,  easier  than  to  remove  the  outcropping  rock.  Where 
irregular  surfaces  of  rock  were  lower  than  the  floor  to  be  built, 
a  process  of  leveling  up  was  employed.  The  soil  used  to  fill  up 
such  holes  and  crevices  was  of  a  reddish  color,  easilv  distinguish- 
able from  the  brown  soil  of  neighboring  rooms.  It  contained 
a  large  admixture  of  sherds  of  the  t>'pe  characteristic  of  the 


'  R.   B.    Seager,    inivcrsily  of   Pennsylvania,    The   Museum,   .-Inlhropolo^iial   I'ltblualinn^ 
Vol.  Ill,  No.   1,  {{.xcaiations  0)1  the  Island  of  Pseira,  Crete,  p.  13. 


88 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PL  B.    LNIV.    OF    PA.    MUSEUM,    VOL.    III. 


ver\-  end  of  the  bronze  age,  that  to  which  the  name  Late  Minoan 
III  b  has  been  given.'  The  extremely  uneven  character  of  the 
rock  as  it  appeared  at  the  bottom  of  one  room  when  entirely 
cleared,  is  shown  in  PI.  Will,  i. 

The   floors   of    the   houses   were   made   of    trodden    earth. 
Column   bases  occurred  in   three  rooms.      In    Room   34  a  rec- 


.^^:.  -^y^■^ 


Fig  47.     Sketch  of  Room  34,  from  Northeast,  shovsing  Rectangular  (J)lumn 
Basis  above  Rectangular  Stone. 

tangular  column  base  was  found,  set  upon  another  rectangular 
stone  as  foundation  and  for  the  purpose  of  raising  the  column 
base  to  the  level  of  the  native  rock  at  the  other  end  of  the  room, 
Fig.  47.  The  sherds  found  at  the  level  of  this  lower  stone  were 
of  the  Late  Minoan  1 1 1  period.  The  only  object  found  above  the 
floor  was  a  large  pithos  of  geometric  date. 


'Cf.  Dawkins.  «.  5.  A.  X.  p.   19O 


E.  H.  HALL — EXCAVATIONS  IN  EASTERN  CRETE,  VROKASTRO.      89 

Stratification. 

The  rubble  walls  of  the  Vrokastro  houses  were  of  little 
service  in  determining  the  periods  in  which  the  site  was 
occupied.  Occasionally  it  was  possible  to  speak  with  certainty 
about  the  relative  dates  of  juxtaposed  walls,  for  a  later  wall 
was  seen  to  be  carried  over  an  earlier.  But  usually  there  was 
no  such  criterion,  nor  were  there  any  differences  of  construction 
observable,  so  that  the  determination  of  chronological  periods 
was  necessarily  based  on  pottery.  In  connection  with  the 
subject  of  stratification,  it  will  be  convenient  to  describe  the 
types  of  sherds  yielded  by  the  site. 

The  general  rule  for  the  stratification  of  Vrokastro  was  to 
find  geometric  or  quasi-geometric  sherds  in  the  upper  stratum, 
below  these  Late  Minoan  III  sherds  with  occasionally  Middle 
Minoan  fragments  at  a  still  lower  level.  Neither  remnants  of 
pavements  nor  signs  of  trodden  earth  floors  were  detected  to 
distinguish  these  various  strata.  The  level  of  a  floor  could 
be  inferred  only  from  the  unusual  amount  of  pottery  or  from 
the  presence  of  unbroken  specimens.  Not  a  single  floor-level 
of  the  Late  Minoan  111  period  was  so  indicated.  In  the  upper- 
most stratum  the  level  of  a  geometric  floor  could  frequently  be 
fixed,  and,  in  the  lowest  stratum,  that  of  a  Middle  Minoan 
floor.  In  rooms  like  26  and  27,  where  Middle  Minoan  vases 
were  found  nearly  intact,  it  must  be  supposed  that  their  owners 
had  left  them  in  the  corners  of  the  rooms,  that  they  had  become 
covered  with  dust  and  debris  in  the  interval  which  elapsed 
before  the  occupation  of  the  site  in  the  Late  Minoan  III  period 
and  that  they  then  became  further  buried  in  artificial  fillings 
inserted  to  level  up  the  uneven  surface  of  these  rooms.  The 
greater  part  of  the  Myceniiean  pottery  came  from  such  fillings. 


90 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PUB.    UNIV.    OF    PA,    MUSEUM,    VOL.    III. 


These  earl\-  deposits  had  sometimes  been  disturbed.  In  three 
cases  Late  Minoan  111  sherds  were  seen  to  overHe  sherds  of 
the  geometric  period.  Such  confusion  was  doubtless  mainly 
due  to  the  character  of  the  site;  in  rooms  built  on  sharply  slop- 
ing ground  material  packed  beneath  floors,  when  once  it  came 
to  be  exposed  to  rains,  would  be  carried  down  the  hill  and  lodged 
against  the  lower  wall  of  the  room.  This  was  precisely  what 
happened  in  Room  17.  In  view,  moreover,  of  the  long  period 
during  which  this  site  was  occupied,  it  is  natural  to  suppose 
that  in  antiquity  some  of  these  deposits  beneath  floors  had 
been  overturned  in  the  process  of  rebuilding  and  of  leveling  up 
anew  the  very  uneven  surface  of  the  hill. 

Typical  stratification  was  found  in  Room  27,  where  as 
usual  the  earth  was  stripped  off  a  half  meter  at  a  time.  In  the 
first  half  meter  was  found  geometric  ware,  principally  bowls 
decorated  with  meanders,  a  few  Late  Minoan  111  sherds,  the 
lamp  of  Fig.  57  d,  and  pieces  of  a  small  animal  figure  compar- 
able to  those  in  Fig.  56;  in  the  second  half  meter,  the  Late 
Minoan  III  fragments  were  more  numerous  and  with  them 
began  to  appear  Middle  Minoan  ware,  notably  fragments 
of  cups  and  of  larger  vessels  decorated  with  circular  patches 
of  dark  paint  connected  with  slanting  lines;  in  the  lowest  half 
meter  were  a  few  Middle  Minoan  vases  and  a  single  sherd  of 
Late  Minoan  111  ware.  Certain  fillings  were  found  to  contain 
onl\'  Late  Minoan  III  sherds;  in  Room  17,  where  a  late  wall 
had  cut  off  a  rectangular  space,  the  earth  within  this  space  was 
found  to  contain  nothing  but  Late  Minoan  111  fragments, 
indicating  that  the  later  north  wall  of  this  room  had  been  built 
at  a  time  when  sherds  of  this  period  were  at  hand  for  filling 
material.  Similarly,  in  a  room  dug  in  1912  which  contained 
a  pocket  2.50  deep,  the  red  earth  with  which  this  hole  had  been 


E.  H.  HALL — EXCAVATIONS  IN  EASTERN  CRETE,  VROKASTRO. 


91 


filled  contained  Late  Minoan  111  sherds  with  a  single  piece 
dating  from  the  Middle  Minoan  1  period. 

The  quantity  of  sherds  yielded  by  the  town-site  was  large, 
the  harvest  of  a  day's  digging  amounting  oftentimes  to  thirty 
baskets.  Over  fifty  per  cent  of  these  were  unpainted,  coming 
either  from  large  pithoi  or  from  smaller  unpainted  jars.  The 
pithoi  were  decorated  with  a  variety  of  stamped  and  moulded 
patterns  shown  in  Fig.  48.  Of  the  painted  fabrics  at  least  ninety 
per  cent  were  of  the  geometric  style.     The  rest  were  Minoan. 

Sherds  of  typical  Vrokastro  fabrics  are  shown  in  Figs.  49-53. 


Fig.  48.     Fragments  of  Pithoi  with  Stamped  Ornaments  from  the    1  o\\  n  i,  i  :  5) 

Middle  Minoan  sherds  are  not  here  included,  but  illustrations 
of  restored  pieces  of  this  period  are  shown  in  Figs.  64  and  66 
and  PI.  XXV,  i.  The  most  common  type  of  Middle  Minoan  I 
sherd  is  that  already  referred  to,  from  a  dark  on  light  fabric 
decorated  with  circular  patches  of  paint  connected  with  slanting 
lines. ^  On  Fig.  49  are  shown  typical  sherds  of  a  ware  dating 
from  the  end  of  the  bronze  age.  It  will  be  seen  at  a  glance 
that  they  are  more  Mycenaean  than  Minoan.  Not  once  occurs 
the  foliate  pattern  characteristic  of  the  later  stages  of  Knossian 

^University   Museum,    Anthropological    Publications,  Vol.   Ill,    p.    19,   Fig.  4,   and    p.  60, 
Fig  32. 


92  ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PUB.    UNIV.    OF    PA.    MUSEUM,    VOL.    III. 

ceramic  art.'  Instead  are  found  the  conventionalized  buds, 
the  stereotyped  renderings  of  marine  Hfe,  so  familiar  from  the 
mainland.-     Many  of  these  fragments,  notably  B,  D,  F,  and  I, 


Fig.  4C).     Late  .Mycenaean  Sherds  from    1  own  (i  ;  2). 

seem  to  be  actual  importations  from  the  mainland;    their  good 
slip,   finely   polished  surface,  and   lustrous   paint   suggest    Furt- 

'  Kvans,  Prehistoric  Tombs  0/  Knossos,  p.  120,  Fig.  114,  jjd. 

=  Cf.  e.g.  Furtwangler  and   Loschcke,  Mykeuische  Vasen.  PI    IV,  27b  XII;    PI    VI,  ^\  XII; 
and  PI.  XXXIV,  342. 


E.  H.  HALL — EXCAVATIONS  IN  EASTERN  CRETE,  VROKASTRO.      93 

wangler  and  Loschcke's  third  style.  Other  pieces,  Hke  A  with 
its  muddled,  senseless  design,  might  equally  well  be  a  native 
product.  Such  pieces  are  analogous  to  the  vases  of  the  period 
of  fmal  abandonment  at  Palaikastro  and  the  period  of  reoccupa- 
tion  at  Gournia.  Precisely  the  same  type  of  pottery  was  found 
at  Phylakopi,  associated  with  the  Mycenaean  palace  but  coming 
from  the  very  end  of  this  palace  period.^ 

The  history  of  the  main  settlement  on  Vrokastro  begins, 
therefore,  in  a  period  slightly  posterior  to  that  of  the  Zafer 
Papoura  cemetery  and  contemporary  with  the  end  of  the 
Mycenaean  period  at  Phylakopi;  or,  in  other  words,  in  the 
period  of  the  "widest  diffusion"  of  Mycenaean  art. 

That  this  last  phase  of  the  art  of  the  bronze  age  stands  in 
the  closest  relation  to  that  of  the  succeeding  age  of  iron 
has  been  abundantly  shown.-  The  excavations  at  Vrokastro 
evince  fresh  proof  of  this.  From  its  output  of  sherds  a  series 
might  be  arranged  which  would  show  the  gradual  transition 
from  the  Late  Minoan  111  or,  more  properly,  the  late  Myce- 
naean style  to  the  geometric  style,  in  the  matter  of  design  the 
distinction  is  particularly  hard  to  draw;  the  sherd  on  Fig.  50  H 
might  be  called  either  Mycenaean  or  geometric.  In  technique, 
however,  the  difference  is  more  easily  apparent  and  serves  as 
the  best  means  of  distinguishing  the  two  wares.  The  fine  hard 
slip,  the  polished  surface,  and  lustrous  paint  of  the  imported 
pieces  and  the  native  imitations  of  this  technique  are  unknown 
in  the  geometric  period,  when  a  more  porous  clay  was  used 
which  absorbed  the  thin  paint  of  the  design. 

In  Figs.  50-52  are  shown  t\pical  sherds  of  the  Vrokas- 
trian    geometric    style.      The    stratification    of    the    town    site 

'  Phykikopi,  PI.  XXXII,  i-io. 
-  \\'\dL-.  JiihrbiKh.    i<S9(),   pp.   35-4^ 


94 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PUB.    LNIV.    OF    PA.    MUSEUM,    VOL.    III. 


indicated    no    chronological    distinction     between    the    quasi- 
geometric  style  of  Figs.  50  and  51  and  the  fully  developed  style 


Fig.  30.     Sherds  of  the  Ouasi-Geomelric  Slxle  from  the  Town  ( i  :  2). 


of  the  sherds  sh(;wn  in  Fig.  ^2.  \'ases  of  both  styles  were  found 
above  floor  levels.  Luckil\  the  tombs  supplanted  here  the 
evidence  of  the  houses  and  showed  that  a  line  of  demarcation 


E.  H.  HALL — EXCAVATIONS  IN  EASTERN  CRETE,  VROKASTRO. 


95 


might  he  drawn  hetween  the  two  styles.  The  patterns  pecu- 
liarly distinctive  of  the  earlier  quasi-geometric  style  are:  tri- 
angles filled  in  solidly  with  black  as  in  Fig.  50  E  and  Fig.  51   K; 


J  ■  X 

Fig.  51.     Sherds  of  the  Quasi-Geometric  Style  from  the  iown  (i  :  2). 

upright  ornaments  filled  in  solidly  with  black  and  bounded 
on  one  side  by  a  straight  line,  on  the  other  by  a  curved,  Fig.  50  A 
and  Fig.   5  i   K,  and  edged  frequently  with  a  fringe  of  parallel 


96 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PUB.    LMV.    OF    PA.    .MUSEUM,    VOL.    lU. 


lines;*  and  circles  in  every  form.  7'he  circles  are  mathematically 
exact  and  are  drawn  with  compasses;  the  larger  circles  are 
frequently  embellished  with  triangles  and  checkers.  In  this 
early  stage  of  the  geometric  style,  man\'  curvilinear  motives 
familiar  in  earlier  decoration  still  persist. 


A  D 

Fig.  32.     Sherds  of  ihc  .Mature  Geometric  Style  from  the  Town  (4  :  9). 

As  the  Mycenaean  tradition  weakened  and  foreign  models 
were  more  frequently-  seen,  the  meander  or  partial  meander 
became  favorite  motives,   Figs.   51    E  and    52  C,    D,  and    E. 

'This  pattern  occurs  on  a  fragment  from  the  .\cropolis.     Graef,  Akropolis  Vasen,  Taf.  9, 
273.     Cf.  also  Schliemann.  Tiryiis,  p.  133,  \o.  47. 


Ei.    H.    HALL — EXCAVATIONS    IN    EASTERN    CRETE,    VROKASTRO.  Of] 

This  pattern  is  generally  associated  with  a  compact  and  mathe- 
matical arrangement  of  the  ornament.  In  this  developed 
geometric  style  appear  birds,  human  beings,  and  other  motives 
characteristic  of  geometric  vases  elsewhere. 

The  last  phase  of  Vrokastrian  ceramic  art  is  represented 
by  a  group  of  sherds  in  Fig.  53.  They  were  found  in  three 
different  rooms  but  seem  to  come,  with  one  exception,  from  a 
single  vase.  The  clay  is  pale  green  and  covered  with  a  buff 
slip;  the  interior  is  entirely  covered  with  a  fme  lustrous  black 
paint  that  recalls  the  fme  black  paint  on  the  better  class  of 
Dipylon  ware.  Fragments  from  the  rim  indicate  that  it  was 
decorated  with  a  row  of  squat  birds,  their  wings  represented 
by  fringed  lines.  The  main  field  is  divided  into  zones  and  filled 
with  representations  of  chariots  and  warriors  armed  with  helmets, 
shields,  and  swords.  According  to  the  cursory  method  of  the 
geometric  style  of  drawing,  the  close-fitting  cap  of  the  helmet 
does  not  appear.'  The  long  conspicuous  crest  was  evidentlv 
regarded  as  sufficient  to  indicate  the  entire  helmet.  The  shields 
are  of  the  usual  type,  flaring  at  top  and  bottom  and  cut  away 
in  the  center,  a  type  which,  according  to  Reichel,  was  super- 
seded about  the  middle  of  the  eighth  century.-  The  swords  may 
be  compared  to  those  on  a  vase  in  Copenhagen.-'  The  chariots, 
as  nearly  as  can  be  judged  from  these  fragments,  were  drawn  in 
a  highly  schematized  manner,  the  floor  of  the  chariot  being 
entirely  severed  from  the  wheels.  These  seem  to  have  had 
four  spokes.^  The  stop-gap  ornaments  of  these  sherds  are 
characteristic  of  the  fully  developed  Dipylon  style. 

The  sherd  in  Fig.  53  E  is  in  technique  quite  similar  to  the 

'  Cf.  Reichel,  Homerische  IVaffcn,  pp.  ioq  and  i  lo.  Figs.  51  and  52. 

-  Reichel,  op.  cit.,  p.  48,  Fig.  25;   Jahrhuch,  iS()(),  p.  85,  Fig.  44;  and  Arch.  Ztit.,  1885.  PI.  8. 

'Arch.  Zeit.,  1885,  1^1.  8. 

'  Cf.  Reichel,  op.  at.,  pp.  124-125,    F^igs.  64-67. 


98 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PUB.    UNIV.    OF    PA.    MUSEUM,    VOL.    III. 


fragments  just  described.     The  panel  to  the  right  of  the  quatre- 
foil  ornament  was  decorated  with  a  bird. 

The   clay   of   these   fragments   was,    as    was    stated,    of   a 


Fig.  53.     Latest  Type  of  Sherds  from  the  Town.      All  but  E  from  One  \ase  (1  :  2). 

greenish  color.  That  of  the  others  in  Figs.  50-52  shades  in 
color  from  buff  to  pink.  It  is  coarse  and  gritty  and  is  rarely 
covered  with  a  slip.      The  paint  varies  in  color  from  brown  to 


E.  H.  HALL — EXCAVATIONS  IN  EASTERN  CRETE,  VROKASTRO       99 

black.  White  is  also  frequently  used  for  the  design — a  pecu- 
liarity often  noted  of  Cretan  geometric  vases  and  generally 
attributed  to  Minoan  tradition. 

Objects  Found. 
The  objects  found  in  1910  at  Vrokastro,  arranged  accord- 
ing to  the  rooms  in  which  they  occurred,  will  now  be  described. 
The  rooms,  the  numbers  of  which  do  not  appear  in  the  follow- 
ing lists,  yielded  nothing  but  potsherds. 

Room  6. 

Amphora,  Fig.  54.  The  pieces  of  this  vase  were  found 
in  the  southeast  corner  of  the  room,  some  of  them  under  a  col- 
lapsed wall.  The  vase  was  doubtless  left  in  the  corner  of  the 
room  at  the  time  of  the  abandonment  of  the  site.  It  is  made 
of  buff  clay;  the  exterior,  from  a  line  on  the  shoulder  to  the 
base,  is  covered  with  black  paint  except  for  a  reserved  panel 
between  the  handles,  which  is  ornamented  with  zigzag  lines 
and  a  row  of  herring-bone  pattern.  The  shape  of  the  vase, 
the  type  of  double  handle,^  and  the  reserved  panel  indicate 
a  fully  developed  geometric  style. 

The  sherds  that  lay  below  the  floor  level  of  this  room, 
which  was  in  this  case  indicated  by  a  column  base,  were  prin- 
cipally of  the  late  Mycenaean  style. 

Room  8. 

I.  Bronze  fibula,  PI.  XIX  b,  asymmetrical,  an  arm  having 
been  introduced  to  include  thick  folds  of  drapery,  but  developed 
beyond  doubt  from  the  fiddle-bow  type  of  fibula.  A  similar 
fibula  was  found  in  Tomb  38  at  Enkomi,  Cyprus.- 

'  This  type  of  handle  has  also  an  earlier  history,  Mackenzie,  he.  cit.,  p.  433. 
-  Murray,  Excavations  at  Cyprus,  p.  51  and  Fig.  27. 


lOO 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PUB.    LMV.    OF    PA.    MUSEU.M,    VOL.     Ill 


2.  Bronze  disk,  .03  m.  diam.,  ornamented  with  two  per- 
forations and  with  a  circle  of  punctuated  dots.  This  disk  lay 
with  the  fibula  in  the  upper  stratum  of  deposit.  At  the  same 
le\el  further  to  the  east  were  parts  of  three  animal  figures  like 
those  in  Fig.  s(),  a  triton  shell,  and  hones  of  animals. 


Fig.  34.     Amphora  from  Upper  Stratum  of  Room  6  (i  :  7). 


^  Parts  of  three  badly  corroded  iron  blades.  These  lay 
at  the  south  end  of  the  room  together  with  the  following. 

4.  Kound-bodied  pithos,  ht.  .64s,  whole  except  for  a  break 
at  the  rim. 

s.  Fragment  oi  a  fibula  similar  in  tvpe  to  that  in 
PI.  X.X  B. 


E.    H.    HALL — EXCAVATIONS    IN    EASTERN    CRETE,    VROKASTRO. 


101 


Room  9. 

1.  Clay  face,  Fig.  55  B,  broken  around  the  edges,  from 
an  image  mounted  on  a  cylindrical  base  like  that  of  Fig.  55  A. 
Paint  is  applied  to  the  chin,  mouth,  eyes,  and  nose. 

2.  Large  round-bodied  pithos  with   rope   pattern    around 

the  rim. 

3.  Unpainted  flaring  bowl  like 

h^   Ifc)  av  v^^*^"  \  4-  Horns  of  an  agrimi. 

Room   i  i  . 
Whether  this  room  was  reached 
by  a   passageway    to    the  west    of 


Fig.  55.     A,  Clay  Figurine  from  Room  17;    B,  Face  of  Similar  Figuiine  from  Room  9(1:  3). 


Rooms  9  and  lo  is  uncertain,  for  the  walls  here  were  in  a 
ruined  condition.  At  the  south  end  of  room  is  a  large 
boulder.  A  few  feet  from  the  boulder  against  the  east  wall 
of  Room   1 1  were  found  the  objects  enumerated  below. 

I .  Terra  cotta  head  of  horse,  Fig.  56  A,  with  bridle  in  painted 
relief.  The  bridle  is  like  a  modern  one,  except  that  it  has  no 
strap  under  the  throat.  The  eyes,  mouth,  and  forelock,  as  well 
as  the  bridle,  are  painted. 


102 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PUB.    LNIV.    OF    PA.    MUSEU.M,    VOL.    III. 


2.  Horse's  head,  Fig.  56  B,  which  had  served,  it  seems,  as 
handle  for  a  lid.     Cf.  Mon.  Ant.  VI,  PI.  XII,  62. 

3.  Head,  body,  and  one  foot  of  the  horse  shown  in   Fig. 
56  F.     The  other  pieces  were  recovered  in  Room  17. 

4.  Unpainted   flask,    with   one   handle,   and   slight   central 
protuberances.  Fig.  57  E. 

5.  Lid  with  painted  rays  from  the  central  knob  to  the  rim. 


Fig.  56.     Clay  Figurines  from  the  Town  (i  :  8). 

6.  Bronze  disk  .093  m.  diam.,  ornamented  with  a  central 
boss  and  row  of  punctuated  dots  around  the  rim.  Fig.  58  H. 
There  are  four  perforations  in  the  part  preserved  and  there 
must  have  been  five  originally,  one  in  the  center  and  four 
around  the  circumference.  Similar  objects  were  found  in  the 
Psychro  Cave  and  called  tentatively  by  Mr.  Hogarth  miniature 
shields.' 

'  fl.  S.  A..  VI,  p.   109.   Fig.  41. 


E.  H.  HALL — EXCAVATIONS  IN  EASTERN  CRETE,  VROKASTRO. 


103 


In  Tomb  B  at  Mouliana,  Mr.  Xanthoudides  found  similar 
but  larger  disks  and  connected  them  with  the  votive  cymbals 
found  at  Olympia.^ 

7.  Spear-end  of  hammered  bronze,  Fig.  59  D.  The  ferrule 
is  made  by  means  of  two  cross  cuttings  at  the  shoulders,  the 
piece  cut  away  being  then  bent  and  hammered  around  the 
shaft.- 

8.  Spear-end  of  hammered  bronze,  Fig.  59  F.  In  this  speci- 
men  the   transition   from   shoulder   to  ferrule   is   gradual;    the 


B  C  £ 

Fig.  57.     Minoan  (A,  C,  and  D)  and  Geometric  Pottery  from  the  I  own  {i  :  b). 


bronze  of   the   blade   is   bent   without   cutting  and   hammered 
around  the  shaft. 

9.  Spear-end    of    hammered    bronze,    similar    to    the   fore- 
going but  larger,  Fig.  59  C. 

10.  Spear-end  of  cast  bronze  welded  to  iron  shaft.  Fig.  59  B. 
This  specimen  is  of  good  lanceolate  shape  with  a  slight  mid- 

^'T£i<f>.'Apx.  1904,  p.  45,  Fig. .11;  Olympia  Tafelband  IV,  PI.  XXVI,  517.     See  also  Darem- 
berg  and  Saglio,  s.  v.  cymbala,  and  .Xrch.  .Anz.,  19M,  pp.  47-53. 
-  For  a  similar  type,  ci.  C3rapanf)s,  Dodoiia,  PI.  I.\TI,  8. 


I04 


ANTFiROPOl.OGICAL    PUB.    UNIV.    OF    PA.    MUSEUM,    VOL.    III. 


rib;    the  piece  of  iron  to  which  it  is  welded  is  broken  at  the 
further  end   and   has   a  sHghtly  greater  diameter  at   this   end 


A  H  I 

Fig.  jB.     .Miscellaneous  l>ronze  Objects  from    1  own  and    lombs  (2  :  3;. 

than  where  it  is  joined  to  the  spear-point.     This  seems  to  indi- 
cate that  the  entire  shaft  was  made  of  iron. 

1 1.  Spear-end  of  cast  bronze,  Fig.  S9  A,  tip  shghtly  broken. 


ET  H.    HALL — EXCAVATIONS    IN    EASTERN    CRETE,    VROKASTRO. 


105 


The  type  is  similar  to  that  of  the  preceding,  except  that  the 
blade  is  much   longer  and   the  transition   from  blade  to  shaft 


Fig.  59.     Spear-enJs  from  Room  1  1  and  (E)  Remains  of  Wooden  Handle  with  Cuatinj: 
of  Thin   Bronze  Sewn  with  Linen   Thread  (1  :  2). 


more  gradual.      A  similar  spear-end  was  found  in   the  graves 
of  Mycense.'       These  five  bronze  spear-ends  lay  close    together 

'  'E4>.  'Apx.  1888.  PI.  9,  20. 


io6 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PUB.    UNIV.    OF    PA.    MUSEUM,    VOL.    III. 


under  the  east  wall  of  the  room.     Together  with  them  were  the 
rotted  remains  of  two  iron  spear-ends. 


Room   12. 

In  the  northeast  corner  of  this  room,  where  the  rock  sloped 
sharplv  away,  was  a  pithos  containing  the  skull  and  bones  of 
a  child.  It  was  inserted  below  the  level  of  the  floor  and  was 
not  inverted.     Inside  the  jar  and  just  below  the  flat  stone  that 


Fig.  60.     \  aics  from  the  1  own  (i  :  7). 

covered  it  was  the  cup  of  Fig.  (x)  B.  It  is  decorated  with  hori- 
zontal bands  and  with  groups  of  vertical  lines  straight  and  waved, 
on  the  shoulder. 

1  he  practice  of  burving  children  in  jars  was  usual  both  in 
the  bronze  age  and  in  the  succeeding  age  of  iron.^  In  the 
bronze  age  adults  also  were  buried  under  inverted  jars,  so  that 
the  phenomenon  is  not  then  so  striking  as  in  the  later  period, 
when  the  bodies  oi  adults  were  disposed  of  bv   quite  different 


'See   Sphoungaras,  p.  73;    Philios,  'E<^.    'Ap;^  ,   i88c),  p.   186;    Poulsen,  D/ir  Dtpylongraber 
und  dtf  Dipylonvaien,  pp   25  25;    DragendorfT,  Thera,  II,  p.  84. 


E.    H.    HALL — EXCAVATIONS    IN    EASTERN    CRETE,    VROKASTRO.  IO7 

methods.  The  place  of  burial  is  also  in  this  case  significant; 
the  interment  is  made  not  in  a  cemetery  but  within  the  walls 
of  a  house.  A  parallel  to  this  custom  may  now  be  adduced 
from  the  bronze  age,  for  in  recent  excavations  at  Phylakopi  on 
Melos,  Mr.  R.  M.  Dawkins  found  intra-mural  burials  which 
date  from  the  closing  period  of  the  first  city. 

From   this   room  came  also  the  krater  of  Fig.  6i.      The 
lower  part  of  the  vase  is,  save  for  the  foot,  unpainted.     The 


Fig.  61.     Krater  in  the  Quasi-Geometric  Style  from  Room  12  (1  :  3). 

upper  part  is  painted  black  with  a  reserved  panel  between  the 
shoulders,  which  is  filled  with  two  groups  of  concentric  circles 
embellished  with  dots  and  by  a  central  ornament  made  up  of 
a  parallelogram  and  triangles. 

Room   13. 

In  the  upper  stratum  of  this  room  were  found  the  following 
objects. 

I.   Bowl,  Fig.  60  A.     This  shape  is  one  of  the  commonest 


Io8  ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PUB.    UNIV.    OF    PA.    MUSEUM,    VOL.    III. 

found  on  Vrokastro;  its  prototype  appears  in  the  Late  Minoan 
III  b  period.^  The  handles  are  horizontal  and  are  placed  high 
on  the  shoulder.  The  decoration  of  the  reserved  panel  consists 
of  a  series  of  cross-hatched  lozenges. 

2.  Bronze  fibula,  PI.  XIX,  I .  The  thinner  part  of  this  speci- 
men is  broken;  whether  it  belonged  to  the  clasp  or  to  a  flat 
ornament  in  the  center  of  a  symmetrical  fibula  is  uncertain. 

3.  Bronze  pin,  Fig.  58  C.  This  type  corresponds  closely 
to  those  found  in  the  tombs  {ibid.  B  and  D). 

4.  Slender  bronze  needle. 

5.  Similar  needle  of  bone. 

Room  17. 
This  was  one  of  the  rooms  in  which  the  deposits  of  pottery 
had  been  overturned.  Few  sherds  were  found  near  the  east 
wall;  near  the  west  wall,  whither  the  rains  had  carried  them, 
were  fragments  of  geometric  pottery  underlying  typical  Late 
Minoan  1 1 1  pieces.  At  the  south  end  of  the  room  under  a 
flims\'  wall  indicated  b\'  dotted  lines  on  the  plan  were  the 
objects  enumerated  below. 

1.  Clay  head  on  columnar  basis,  Fig.  55  A.  The  workman- 
ship is  crude.  A  reddish  paint  is  applied  profusely  to  the  hair, 
lips,  e\es,  and  forehead.  The  long  curls,  which  are  plastically 
rendered,  extended  once  to  the  bottom  of  the  base,  which  is 
further  adorned  with  a  panel  of  geometric  ornament. 

2.  Fragments  of  figurines  of  animals,  including  several 
pieces  of  the  horse  of  Fig.  56  F,  the  legs  and  other  parts  of  a  sim- 
ilar figurine,  the  head  of  a  sheep.  Fig.  56  E.  With  these  were 
the  horns  of  an  agrimi  and  a  triton  shell,  the  invariable  accom- 
paniment of  figurines  on  Vrokastro.      They  indicate  a  shrine, 

'  li    S   .  /  ,  IX,  p   ^iQ,  Fig.  ig. 


E.    H.    HALL — EXCAVATIONS    IN    EASTERN    CRETE,    VROKASTRO.  IO9 

and  in  view  of  the  fact  that  pieces  of  the  same  figure  were 
recovered  from  diflferent  rooms,  it  seems  likely  that  they  come 
from  a  single  shrine,  the  offerings  at  which  had  been  thrown 
out  into  neighboring  areas. 

3.  Fragment  of  heavy  bar  of  iron,  rectangular  in  section.^ 

4.  Glass  bead. 

5.  Fragment  of  iron  blade. 

Room  20. 

The  principal  object  found  in  this  room  was  the  bowl  of 
Fig.  60  D.  It  is  made  of  coarse,  porous  clay  and  is  decorated 
with  a  simple  meander  painted  in  dull  black.  This  bowl  was 
found  in  the  uppermost  stratum  and  dates  accordingly  from 
the  last  period  of  the  Vrokastro  settlement.  Immediately 
below  the  floor  level  marked  by  this  vase  were  Late  Mycenaean 
fragments,  one  of  which  is  shown  in  Fig.  49  G;  this  juxtaposi- 
tion of  L.  M.  111b  and  geometric  types  may  indicate  that  the 
intervening  period  of  quasi-geometric  art  was  short. 

Room  21. 
Three  cups  with  broken  bases  from  a  kernos.      Compare 
B.  S.  A.  XII,  p.  16,  Figs.  3  and  4. 

Room  22. 

From  the  uppermost  stratum  of  this  room  came  most  of 
the  pieces  of  the  bowl  shown  in  PI.  XXVI.  The  others  were 
found  in  Room  24.  The  clay  of  which  this  vase  is  made  differs 
widely  from  that  of  the  other  Vrokastro  specimens.  It  is  fine 
and  hard  and  its  color  is  a  dark,  reddish  brown.     The  shape, 

'  Cf.  Korte,  Gonlion,  in  Ergdniungshand  V  of  Jahrhuch,  p.  79,  abb.  69  b. 


no  ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PUB.    UNIV.    OF    PA.    MUSEUM,    VOL.    111. 

a  large  shallow  pyxis,  is  a  familiar  type  in  the  geometric  period.^ 
The  lid,  of  which  a  single  fragment  only  was  recovered,  was 
doubtless  surmounted  by  a  high  handle.  The  decoration  is 
applied  in  the  compact  and  mathematical  manner  of  the  fully 
developed  style  of  the  mainland.  The  separate  motives,  espe- 
cially the  swastika,  indicate  the  same  period.  Because  of  the 
clay  and  of  the  character  of  the  ornament,  this  vase  must  be 
regarded  as  an  importation.  The  sherds  in  the  two  rooms 
where  the  pieces  of  this  vase  were  found  were  of  the  typical 
Vrokastro  geometric  style  analogous  to  the  vase  of  Fig.  60  D. 
We  may  infer,  therefore,  that  the  compact  style  of  the  main- 
land was  contemporar>  with  the  open  geometric  style  of  Crete. 

Room  24. 
In  the  upper  stratum  of  this  room  were  found  the  following 
objects. 

1.  Clay  scoop,  ht.  .07  cm.  The  handle  of  this  specimen 
serves  also  as  a  means  of  support. - 

2.  Two-handled  bowl  with  cup-like  spout,  Fig.  37  B."^ 

3.  Lid  with  moulded  decoration  about  the  rim. 

4.  Unpainted  clay  dish  of  the  shape  of  the  vase  in  Fig.  60  D 
containing  a  light  spongy  brown  mass  which  proved  on  chemical 
analysis  to  be  a  mixture  of  iron,  lime,  and  silica  with  a  small 
amount  of  aluminum.  The  iron  was  present  in  the  form  of 
limonite,  lime  in  the  form  of  calcite,  and  the  silica  in  the  form 
of  sand  composed  of  grains  of  quartz.  Apparently,  this  was  a 
charge  for  smelting,  the  sand  having  been  added  as  a  flux. 


'  Cf.  e.g.  'K0   'Apx  .  1898.  PL  IV,  6. 

'  For  a  similar  type  see  Xanthoudides,'E<^.  Ap^.,  1904,  p.  18,  Fig.  2,  and  Hogarth,  B.  S.  A. 
\\,  p.  105. 

'  Cf.  Wace  and  Thompson,  Prehistoric  Thessaly,  p  2  1  1,  I  ig.  146  c. 


E.  H.  HALL — EXCAVATIONS  IN  EASTERN  CRETE,  VROKASTRO. 


I  I  I 


Room  25. 
In  a  mass  of  debris  thrown  into  a  deep  pocket  in  this  room 
was  found  the  crude  model  of  a   horse  and  chariot  shown  in 
Fig.  62,  an  imitation  probably  of  Cypriote  models. 


Room  26. 
Two  well-marked  deposits  dating  the  one  from  the  geo- 
metric, the  other  from  the  Middle  Minoan  period  were  found 
in    this    room.      The    level    of    the 
upper    deposit    was    marked    by    the 
presence    of    whole   vases.      The  fol- 
lowing objects    were   found. 

1.  Jar  with  panel  of  meander 
ornament.  Fig.  60  C.  The  upper 
part  of  this  vase  is  covered  with 
dark  paint  except  for  a  reversed 
panel  on  either  shoulder  on  which 
is  painted  a  partial  meander. 

2.  Two  clay  weights  in  the 
shape  of    truncated   pyramids.^ 

3.  Head  of  clay  figurine.  Fig.  63.  The  lower  surface  shows 
a  broken  edge,  the  outline  of  which  indicates  that  the  head  was 
once  mounted  on  a  columnar  basis  like  that  of  Fig.  55  A.  The 
face  was  originally  covered  with  a  slip  which  has  been  chipped 
off  from  the  cheeks  and  along  the  outer  edge,  leaving  a  coarser 
red  clay  exposed  beneath.  The  eyebrows,  eyelashes,  lips  and 
chin  show  traces  of  red  paint;  a  protruding  bit  of  clay  on  the 
right  cheek  is  the  only  remnant  of  the  moulded  curls  which 
once  bordered  the  face.     The  expression  of  the  face  achieves 


Fig.  62.     Crude  Model  of  Chariot  and 
Charioteer  from  Room  25  (5  :  8). 


'  Cf.  Doerpfeld,  Troia  tind  Ilion,  p.  410,  Fig.  416. 


I  12 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PUB.    UNIV.    OF    PA.    MUSEUM,    VOL.    III. 


in  this  figure  something  akin  to  dignit\-  and  reveals  far  higher 
skill  in  the  koroplastic  art  than  do  other  figurines  from  the  site. 

4.  Symmetrical  beaded  fihula,  PI.  XX  B.  This  fibula  is 
of  the  same  type  as  those  from  the  bone-enclosures  discussed 
below  on  p.  84. 

5.  Two  bronze  disks  with  central  perforations,  probably 
used  as  pendants,  Fig.  58  E  and  F.^ 

6.  In  the  lower  deposit  of  this  room  above  a  floor  of  trodden 
earth  were  found  the  pieces  of  the  jar  in  Fig.  64.      It  is  wheel 


Fig.  63.     Head  of  Clay  Figurine  from  Upper  Stratum  of  Room  26  (i  :  2). 


made  and  the  cla\-  is  coarse,  but  because  of  its  shape,  its  simple 
curvilinear  orname'tit  and  the  position  where  it  was  found,  it 
must  be  assigned  to  the  iMiddle  Minoan  period. 

7.  In  the  lower  le\el  of  this  room  but  unassociated  with 
Minoan  sherds  was  a  child-burial  in  a  jar.  It  was  found  in  the 
southwest  corner  and  belongs  doubtless  to  the  geometric  period. 

'  Cf.  Argive  Heraum  II,  PI.  .XCIX;   British  Museum  Catalog  of  Terra-cottas,  PI.  XIV;   Mon. 
Ant.  VII,  239  and  241,  Figs.  3  1  and  32. 


E.  H.  HALL — EXCAVATIONS  IN  EASTERN  CRETE,  VROKASTRO. 


"3 


Room  27. 
The  stratification  of  this  room  has  already  been  described 
and  mention  has  been  made  of  the  lamp  of  Fig.  57  D  from  the 
uppermost  stratum.  At  a  level  only  slightly  lower  than  this 
lamp  and  at  a  distance  of  only  a  few  centimeters  from  Late 
Minoan   111    h  sherds  was  found  a  fibula  of  fiddle-bow  type. 


Fig.  64.     Middle  Minoan  Jar  from  Lowest  Stralum,  Room  26  (1  :  6). 


PI.  XIX  A.  This  is  the  only  fibula  of  this  type  that  came  to 
light  in  either  town  or  tombs.  1 1  is  generally  held  to  be  the  oldest 
type  of  fibula  known  to  the  iMediterranean  area;  it  was  found 
in  Toirib  No.  8  of  the  lower  town  at  Mycenae.'  It  belongs 
accordingly  to  the  Late  Minoan  111  period.  The  fact  that  this 
fibula  did  not  occur  in  the  Zafer  Papoura  cemeterv  confirms  the 

i'E<^.  'Apx-,  1888,  PI.  9,  I  and  2. 


114  ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PUB.    UNIV.    OF    PA.    MUSEU.M,    VOL.    III. 

Statement  of  p.  19,  that  Vrokastro  takes  up  the  tale  of  Cretan 
ceramic  histors'  where  the  Knossian  cemetery  leaves  off. 

The  following  Middle  Minoan  specimens  were  recovered 
from  this  room . 

1.  Cup,  .07  cm.  high,  .090  m.  diam.,  of  brown  clay,  Fig. 
57  A.  The  inside  is  entirely  covered  with  brownish  black  paint, 
and  is  further  decorated  with  white  festoons.  The  outside  has 
a  broad  band  about  the  rim  and  another  about  the  base.  Traces 
remain  of  narrower  stripes  which  encircled  the  body  of  the  vase. 

2.  Jug,  PI.  XXV,  I,  part  of  spout  missing.  The  entire 
surface  of  the  vase  is  covered  with  a  metallic  black  paint 
over  which  are  splashes  of  white.  The  decoration,  which 
presents  a  new  phase  of  iMinoan  ornament,  seems  to  imitate 
the  surface  of  a  breccia  vase. 

Room  30. 
Veined  marble  bowl,  ht.  .05  m.,  diam.  of  mouth  .046  m. 
As  in  the  case  of  the  other  stone  vases  from  Vrokastro,  only 
a  small  piece  of  stone  has  been  removed  from  the  center,  so 
that  a  thick  wall  is  left.  This  method  is  characteristic  of  the 
decadent  period  of  stone-cutting  and  stands  in  marked  contrast 
to  the  skillful  cutting  of  the  delicate  Early  Minoan  stone  vases. 

2.  Fragments  of  a  steatite  cup. 

3.  Clay  seal  with  rosette  on  the  sealing  surface.  Fig.  65. 

Room  36. 

In  the  upper  stratum,  a  veined  marble  bowl  was  found, 
ht.  .04  m.,  diam.  of  mouth  .042  m. 

Near  the  number  36  on  the  plan  where  a  wall  runs  at  right 
angles  to  the  escarpment  of  the  rock,  earth  and  fragments  of 
pottery  were  noticed  beneath  the  wall.     The  stones  of  the  wall 


E.    H.    HALL — EXCAVATIONS    IN    EASTERN    CRETE,    VROKASTRO,  IIj 

were  accordingly  removed  and  the  following  Middle  Minoan 
pieces  brought  to  light. 

1 .  Part  of  cup,  Fig.  66  A,  decorated  with  white  spirals 
interspersed  with  leaves. 

2.  Low,  straight-sided  cup,  ht.  .054,  diam.  of  mouth,  .082, 
decorated  with  heart-shaped  motives  embellished  within  with 
leaves,  two  of  which  are  red  and  two  white.  The  same  design 
is  also  applied  to  the  base  of  the  cup,  the  interstices  of  the 
pattern  being  here  filled  with  triangles. 

3.  Cup  of  similar  shape.  Fig.  66  B.     The  restoration  of  the 
design  is  possible  from  the  fragments  preserved;    it 
consists  of  clusters  of   loops  connected  with  slant- 
ing lines.      A  similar  ornament  decorates  the  base. 

4.  Lid,  Fig.  57  C,   with  central   knob  and  dec- 
oration of  loops. 

5.  Small  jug  with  incised  ornament.  Fig.  67. 
This  vase  is  the  exact  counterpart  of  vases  found 
at  Chamaizi  (Xa/xat^t),  and  published  in  '£(/>.  *Apx-, 
1906,  PI.  9,  1,2,  and  3.  It  belongs  to  the  Early 
Minoan  II  period  and  is  the  only  specimen  from  Vrokastro 
which  can  be  assigned  to  so  early  an  epoch.  The  other 
vases  from  beneath  this  wall  were  associated  with  sherds 
characteristic  of  the  Middle  Minoan  I  period. 

Just  east  of  36,  on  the  limit  of  the  plan,  was  found  a  small 
bronze  saw  like  those  found  in  the  tombs.  Further  to  the 
southeast  near  the  crest  of  the  hill  where  the  soil  was  shallowest 
the  workmen  were  in  the  habit  of  gathering  for  their  noonday 
recess.  They  one  day  noticed  that  the  inch  or  so  of  soil  which 
here  remained  was  packed  with  chips  and  filings  of  bronze. 
Evidently  a  smithy  had  been  located  here.  Among  the  hundreds 
of  bits  found  was  a  conical  piece  terminating  in  a  hook.     The 

49(I9G 


ii6 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PUB.    UNIV.    OF    PA.    MUSEUM,    VOL.    III. 


workmen  at  once  recognized  it  as  the  tip  end  of  a  distaflf,  the 
piece  which  holds  the  wool.  Similar  distaff  ends  were  found 
by  Mr.  Hogarth  in  the  Psychro  Cave.^ 

The  group  of  houses  which  was  unearthed  in  191 2  yielded 
less  than  that  dug  in  1910.  The  sherds  were  numerous,  but 
unbroken  pieces  or  such  as  could  be  restored  were  few.  No 
iMinoan  sherds  were  found  except  in  fillings.  Ordinarily  there 
was  only  one  stratum  to  be  taken  into  account,  that  of  the 
geometric  period.     Of  the  objects  now  to  be  enumerated  from 


A  B 

Fig.  66.     .Middle  Minoan  Cups  from  beneath  Wall  of  Room  36  (2  :  3). 

these  h(juses,  no  two  came  from  the  same   room.      They   will 
therefore  be  listed  without  regard  to  their  finding-place. 

1.  B(jwl  of  a  t\pe  frequently  represented  by  the  sherds, 
Fig.  68  B,  the  handles  and  other  pieces  missing.  The  coarse, 
gritty  clay  has  a  buff  color.  The  interior,  both  at  the  base  and 
around  the  rim,  has  been  daubed  with  reddish  paint.  Of  the 
outside  the  lower  half  is  also  covered  with  the  same.  On  the 
shoulder  vertical  lines  divide  the  reserved  space  into  two  panels 
each  decorated  with  a  row  of  quirks. 

2.  Similar  bowl,  Fig.  68  C.     The  rim  is  painted  within  as 


'  B   S.  A.  VI.  p.  112,  Fig.  46. 


E.  H.  HALL — EXCAVATIONS  IN  EASTERN  CRETE,  VROKASTRO.      II7 

well  as  without.  The  interior  is  further  decorated  with  a  hori- 
zontal band  about  the  shoulders.  On  the  outside  the  lower 
part  is  left  undecorated;  the  upper  part  shows  the  usual  panel 
decoration,  the  ornament  consisting  here  of  a  dotted  network 
pattern. 

3.  Similar  bowl,   Fig.  69.     The  decoration  which  fills  the 
panel  is  made  up  of  straight  lines,  vertical  and  diagonal. 

4.  Jug  with  pour-handle  and  two  low  horizontal  handles, 
PI.  XXVII,  3.  The  neck  and  a  part  of  the  pour-handle  is  mis- 
sing. The  clay  is  coarse  and  gritty  and  the  decoration  badly 
worn.  This  vase  presents  close  analogies  to  that  in  Fig.  99  B, 
from  Bone-enclosure  VI,  and  serves  accord- 
ingly to  connect  the  houses  with  the  later 
type  of  tomb. 

5.  Amphora,  PI.  XXVIII,  found  in  one 
of  the  upper  corners  of  the  room,  the  very 
uneven  floor  of  which  appears  in  PI.  XXI II. 
The  shape  is  typical  of  the  fully  developed 
geometric  style.  The  clay  is  slightly  more 
reddish   than   that   usual    on    Vrokastro,  but  '^  ^''    '  ^ 

the  difference  is  not  enough  to  warrant  the  inference  that  this 
is  an  imported  piece.  The  decoration  is  confined  to  a  small 
area  of  the  vase.  Broad  and  narrow  horizontal  stripes  cover 
almost  entirely  the  lower  portion.  A  reserved  panel  on  the 
neck  is  ornamented  with  a  meander  motive  framed  with  lines. 
A  second  reserved  panel  on  the  shoulder  is  divided  horizontally 
into  three  sections  and  filled  with  zigzags  and  dots.  The 
handles  are  ornamented  with  linear  patterns. 

6.  As  stated  on  p.  7,  the  walls  on  the  north  face  of  Vro- 
kastro were  several  times  tested  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining 
their  date.     At  a  distance  of  a  hundred  meters  or  so  from  the 


il8 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PUB.    UNIV.    OF    PA.    MUSEUM,    VOL.    111. 


houses  dug  in  1Q12,  and  half-way  between  these  houses  and 
the  point  where  the  north  face  of  the  mountain  falls  away  in 
precipitous  cliiTs,  a  cave-like  recess  was  examined.  It  con- 
tained the  bowl  of  PI.  XXIX,  2.  It  was  inverted  and  below 
it  were  traces  of  a  few  bones,  unburned.  It  was  doubtless  a 
child-burial  adjacent  to  houses  on  this  part  of   the  hill.     The 

clay  is  coarse  and  gritty,  the  paint 
a  mere  wash,  and  the  decoration 
crude.  Panels  are  reserved  in  the 
usual  way  on  the  shoulder  and  in 
them  are  painted  groups  of  vertical 
lines;  the  intermediate  spaces  are 
cross-hatched.  On  either  side  of  this 
decoration  are  curvilinear  motives, 
the  poor  relic  of  Minoan  naturalism. 
7.  In  the  hardpan,  which  served 
as  floor  at  one  end  of  a  large  room, 
a  circular  depression  had  been  cut 
within  which  was  found  a  bowl  con- 
taining the  bones  of  a  small  animal. 
These  bones  were  sent  to  Professor 
Keller  of  Zurich,  who  kindly  ex- 
amined them  for  me  and  declared 
them  to  be  those  of  a  rodent,  and 
not  of  a  domesticated  animal. 
8.  After  the  discovery  of  the  large  chamber-tomb  (p.  49) 
on  Karakovilia,  a  search  was  made  for  more  tombs  in  this 
vicinity.  These  were  not  found,  but  house-walls  everywhere 
came  to  light.  Most  of  these  houses  were  blackened  by  fire. 
In  one  of  them,  that  directly  opposite  the  large  chamber-tomb, 
was  a  cup  which  also  was  blackened  by  fire.      It  is  made  of 


Fig.  68. 


A,  Jug:    B  and  C,  Bowls 
(I  :5). 


E.  H.  HALL — EXCAVATIONS  IN  EASTERN  CRETE,  VROKASTRO.       I  IQ 

coarse,  buff  clay  and  is  covered  with  black  paint,  save  for  one 
reserved  panel  opposite  the  handle,  which  is  ornamented  with 
a  waved  line  and  with  a  row  of  quirks  between  horizontal  lines. 
9.  In  an  adjacent  house  south  of  the  chamber-tomb,  was 
found  a  low  open  dish  of  smooth,  finely  polished  gray  ware. 
The  finish  of  the  clay  recalls  Early  Minoan  II  or  even  neolithic 
ware.  The  handles  are  pared  into  shape  and  contain  perfora- 
tions for  attaching  a  lid.  Together  with  the  fragments  of  this 
vase  were  found  those  of  a  similar  dish  which  showed  a  number 
of  holes  where  it  had  been  anciently  mended.     The  rest  of  the 


Fig.  69.      Bowl  from  the  1  own. 

sherds  from  this  room  were  of  ordinary  geometric  types. 
The  entirely  different  character  of  the  clay  and  the  finish  of 
these  vases  imply  that  they  were  either  importations  or  heir- 
looms. A  similarly  shaped  vase  from  Mirabello  province  is  pub- 
lished by  Mr.  Droop  in  B.  S.  A.,  XI 1,  p.  38,  Fig.  16.  This 
specimen  and  the  others  cited  in  the  discussion  concerning  it 
differ  from  ours  in  that  their  bases  are  decorated  with  a  foliate 
ornament  which  is  regarded  by  Mr.  Droop  as  Minoan.  It  is  not 
strikingly  such,  but  it  may  at  least  be  said  that  the  decoration, 
like  the  clay  and  technique,  must  be  regarded  as  either  archaic 
or  foreign.  On  the  whole,  this  is  a  ware  which  might  repay 
further  investigation. 


I20 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PUB.    UNIV.    OF    PA.    MUSEU.M,    VOL.    III. 


The  objects  other  than  pottery  found  in  1912  in  the 
Vrokastro  houses  are  as  follows: 

1.  Four  bronze  rings,  Fig.  70. 

2.  .-X  quantit\'  of  small  faience  beads  like  the  smallest 
beads  shown  in  PI.  WW. 

3.  Sword  of  cast  bronze,  PI.  XXI  G,  the  tip  broken.  The 
blade  is  adorned  with  three  grooves.  Two  rivets  are  still  in 
place  and  there  is  a  hole  for  a  third.  This  sword  was  found 
together  with  a  clay  disk  like  that  in  Fig.  8^,  and  pieces  of 
geometric  bowls.      In  the  same  room  were  bones.      It  may  be, 

accordingly  that  we  have  here  to 
do  with  a  burial  adjacent  to  a 
house.  These  objects  were  found 
in  the  upper  level,  so  that  they 
cannot  represent  a  burial  beneath 
the  floor  of  a   house. ^ 

4.  Bronze    wedge.    Fig.    70    D, 
from    the    room    adjoining    that    in 
which   the  foregoing  were  found. 
^'°""^''^^'  5.   Implement     of     soft     stone, 

probabl\  a  whetstone,  Fig.  70  11.  It  is  too  light  to  have 
served  as  an  instrument  for  cutting  or  as  a  chisel.  Except  for 
the  lack  of  perforations  it  resembles  the  whetstone  from 
Chamber-Tomb  IV. 

6.  Bronze  needle. 

7.  Bronze  pin  with  large  head,  F"ig.  70  G. 

'  Since  going  to  press  there  has  appeared  in  Vol.  XVI 1 1,  p.  282,  of  the  Annual  of  the 
British  School  at  .Athens  an  article  by  Mr.  T.  E.  Peet  in  regard  to  similar  sword-blades 
found  in  Egypt.  One  of  these  bears  the  cartouche  of  Seti  11  and  dates  from  the  last  of 
the  thirteenth  century  B.  C.  This  date  is  considerably  earlier  than  that  to  which  the 
Vrokastro  sword  is  assigned,  but  it  is  to  be  noted  first,  that  the  sword  bearing  the  cartouche 
of  Seti  II  is  not  certainly  of  the  same  type  as  that  reproduced  by  Mr.  Peet  and  secondly, 
that,  as  he  himself  suggests,  it  is  a  type  that  "may  have  been  current  for  many  years". 


E.    H.    HALL — EXCAVATIONS    IN    EASTERN    CRETE,    VROKASTRO. 


121 


Fig.  71  (2  :  3). 


8.  Bronze  figurine  with  arms  upraised,  Fig.  71.      Phis  figu- 
rine is  the  only  specimen  of  the  kind  found  on  Vrokastro:  the 

position  of  the  upraised  arms  is  interesting 
because  of  its  resemblance  to  the  attitudes 
of  Late  Minoan  terra-cotta  figurines. 

9.  Sealstone  of  steatite,  Fig.  72,  found 
near  the  surface.  No  sherds  lay  close  at 
hand,  but  those  at  the  same  level  some 
distance  away  were  of  the  geometric  period. 
The  ornament  on  the  sealing  surface  is  a 
highly  conventionalized  squid. ^ 

In  enumerating  the  objects  from  the 
Vrokastro  houses  there  should  not  be  left 
out  of  account  the  humbler  objects  for 
domestic  use.  Among  these  were  a  saddle 
quern,  several  stone  polishers,  and  whetstones  of  various  shapes. 
The  material  for  the  latter  was  probably  quarried  at  Elouda 
('EkovuTo),  a  place  which  today  furnishes  whetstones  for  the 
islanders.  At  a  low  level  in  one  room  a  green  steatite  celt 
came  to  light,  a  survival  of  the  Early  Minoan  period.  Quad- 
rangular blocks  of  stone  containing  a  central  depression  were 
frequently  noted;  the  workmen  ventured  the  explanation  that 
they  had  been  used  in  spinning  to  support  and  keep  in  a 
constant  position  the  end  of  the  spindle.  Whorls  for  spindles 
were  also  found.  These  are  shown  in  Fig.  7^,  to- 
gether  with  perforated  pieces  of  steatite  and  cla\'  \(fi)/f 
beads     which    were    evidently     used     as    ornaments. 

F'g-  72 

These  crude   ornaments  were  indeed   so   numerous   as     (3:4). 
to  be  one  of  the  characteristic  features  of  a  geometric  deposit, 


'  For  Late  Minoan  seals  in  geometric  surroiinciinf.'s,  cf.  R.  S.  .1 .  \'iii,  p.  270. 


122 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PUB.    UNIV.    OF    PA.    MUSEUM,    VOL.    Ill 


and  might  well  serve  to  identify  any  Cretan  site  of  this  period.^ 
The  oblong  piece  of  steatite  ornamented  with  dots  and  irreg- 
ular lines  was  purchased  of  a  man  who  found  it  on  the 
lower  slopes  of  Wokastro. 


Fig.  7^      SpinJle-whorls  and  Ornaments  of  Clay  and  Steatite  from  the  Town  (i  :  2). 


Cf.  A.  J.  A.,  icKJi,  p.  282,  Fig.  8. 


E.  H.  HALL — EXCAVATIONS  IN  EASTERN  CRETE,  VROKASTRO.      I23 


THE   TOMBS. 

In  addition  to  the  burials  of  children  beneath  the  floors 
of  houses,  four  types  of  interments  were  found  in  the  vicinity 
of  Vrokastro.  They  were:  chamber-tombs  (7),  bone-enclosures 
(12),  pithos-burials  (4),  and  a  single  interment  underneath 
an  overhanging  rock. 

The  chamber-tombs  were  sunk,  as  already  stated,  in  the 
white  chalky  soil  known  as  kouskoura,  an  exceedingly  hard 
subsoil,  and  were  lined  with  rubble  masonry.  In  no  case  was 
a  roof  intact,  but  the  uppermost  course  showed  in  several 
instances  an  inward  projection.  In  Fig.  74  is  shown  a  dia- 
grammatic plan  of  Tomb  I  on  Karakovilia,  which,  although 
it  was  both  larger  and  more  regularly  constructed  than  the 
others,  is  yet  typical.  Details  of  construction  will  be  given 
for  each  tomb. 

Chamber-Tomb  I  on   Karakovilia. 

The  dimensions  of  this  tomb  may  be  seen  from  the  dia- 
gram. Against  the  wall  opposite  the  dromos  was  found  a 
circular  stone,  in  the  neighborhood  of  which  most  of  the  bones 
and  fragments  of  vases  were  found.  It  apparently  had  served 
as  a  table  of  offerings.^  The  disturbed  condition  of  the  tomb, 
however,  does  not  warrant  positive  statements.  It  will  be 
seen  from  the  appended  lists  that  thirty-three  vases  with  many 
more  cups  were  recovered  from  this  tomb.  Of  these  only 
four  or  five,  those  which  had  been  inserted  in  other  vases  and 
two  or  three  cups,  were  intact;    the  others  had  to  be  pieced 

iCf.  B.S.A.  VI,  p.  83. 


124 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PUB.    UNIV.    OF    PA.    MUSEU.M,    VOL.    III. 


m 


w, 


A 


m 


03D[3DcsQaRCD(:fiQca. 


Fig.  74.     Diagrammatic  Plan  and  Section  of  Chamber  Tomb  No.  1. 

METER. 


E.    H.    HALL — EXCAVATIONS    IN    EASTERN    CRETE,    VROKASTRO.  I25 

together  from  countless  fragments.  As  a  result  of  heavy  rains 
or  of  other  natural  processes,  both  bones  and  vase-fragments 
had  worked  their  way  through  the  soil  to  a  considerable 
distance  from  their  original  position;  some  pieces  of  the  vase 
of  PI.  XXX  were  found  at  a  height  of  .65  m.  from  the  floor 
of  the  tomb,  others  on  the  floor  itself.  Pieces  of  the  tripod  of 
Fig.  80  were  recovered  from  the  four  corners  of  the  tomb. 
Almost  all  the  pieces  of  the  various  objects  found  in  the  tomb 
were,  however,  eventually  recovered. 

The  floor  of  the  tomb  had  evidentlv  been  strewn  with 
sand  and  river-pebbles,  for  these  were  found  in  abundance. 
In  the  northeast  corner  was  a  rectangular  depression,  .26  m. 
long,  .22  m.  broad,  and  .15  m.  deep.  Nothing  but  a  few 
potsherds  was  found  within  it.  It  ma\'  have  been  used  for 
libations.^ 

The  bones  recovered  from  this  tomb  were  in  a  ver\'  frag- 
mentary condition.  Most  of  them  showed  indisputable  traces 
of  burning,  some  bits  being  actually  burned  to  charcoal.  In  at 
least  two  cases  the  burned  bones  had  been  buried  within  jars.- 
In  other  cases  the  bones  were  interred  outside  jars;  whether 
all  of  these  had  been  burned  or  not  was  difficult  to  determine 
because  of  their  rotted  condition.  They  were  found  in  a  small 
heap,  which  indicates  that  the  body  was  at  least  not  stretched 
out  to  its  full  length.  One  child's  skull  was  found  which  it  was 
plain  to  see  had  not  been  burned;  evidently  the  bodies  of 
children  who  were  buried  within  tombs  were  also  an  exception 
to  the  practice  of  cremation.  It  was  estimated  thai  at  least 
six  interments  had  been  made  within  this  tomb. 


1  A  comparable  pit  was  found  in  Tomb  A  at  Mouiiana, 'E<^.*Ap;^.,  1904,  p.  24.  1  ig.  3.    It 
was,  however,  of  a  different  shape. 

-One  of  these  jars  is  shown  in  Fig.  77;    the  other  was  a  coarse,  unpainted  jar  and  is  not 

shown. 


126 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PUB.    UNIV.    OF    PA.    .MUSEUM,    VOL.    IIL 


The  vases  from  this  tomb  are  as  follows. 

I.  Large  straight-sided  jar,  PI.  XXX,  of  soft  yellowish  clay. 
The  decoration,  which  is  badly  worn,  is  divided  into  narrow 
vertical  panels  which  are  filled  with  simple  linear  motives  and 


Fig.  75.     Flask  of  the  Quasi-Geometric  Style  from  Chamber- lomb  1  (i  :  4). 


with  the  triangles  characteristic  of  an  early  stage  of  Cretan 
geometric  art.'  The  handles  are  curious;  they  are  flat  and  are 
applied  to  the  outer  surface  of  the  vase  from  the  rim  nearly 


'  For  the  use  of  triangles  in  this  period  compare  Wide,  Athcn.  Milt.  ,\.\.\\',  p.  21,  and  PI. 


VI,  2, 


E.  H.  HALL — EXCAVATIONS  IN  EASTERN  CRETE,  VROKASTRO.      I27 

to  the  base.^  The  fragments  of  this  jar  were  found  scattered 
throughout  the  tomb;  whether  it  originally  contained  human 
remains  is  accordingly  uncertain. 

2.  Large  flask,  Fig.  75,  of  soft  yellow  clay.  The  design, 
which  is  badly  worn,  consists  on  either  face  of  the  flask  of  con- 
centric circles,  broken  once  by  a  circle  of  zigzag  lines. ^  The 
neck  is  entirely  covered  with  black  paint,  below  which  is  a  fringe 
of  vertical  lines.  Around  the  outside  of  the  vase  from  handle 
to  handle  runs  a  chain  of  triangles.  The  pieces  of  this  extraor- 
dinarily large  flask,  which  measures  no  less  than  .455  m.  in 
height  and  .37  m.  in  diameter,  were  found  scattered  throughout 
the  tomb. 

3.  Open-work  vase  of  soft  buff  clay,  PI.  XXXI,  2.  The 
horizontal  parts  of  the  vase  and  the  perforated  quadrangular 
pieces  were  once  covered  with  a  reddish  brown  paint,  of  which 
little  now  remains.  The  slanting  pieces  of  the  lower  part  seem 
to  have  been  unpainted.  The  openings  of  the  vase  were  appar- 
ently cut  when  the  vase  was  partially  hardened.  Such  open- 
work vases,  useful  for  holding  fruit  or  the  like,  are  common  in 
the  geometric  period,'^  but  have  not  been  found  before  in  Crete. 

4.  Open-work  vase  similar  to  the  foregoing  except  that  the 
pattern  in  both  upper  and  lower  courses  is  the  same,  PI.  XXXI, 
I.     Only  the  horizontal  pieces  were  painted. 

5.  Bowl  and  cover,  PI.  XXX 11,  2,  of  soft  buff  claw  The 
design  on  the  shoulder,  painted  in  dull  brown,  consists  of  groups 
of  vertical  lines  and  rows  of  short  slanting  lines.  Intervening 
panels  are  adorned  with  a  single  horizontal  waved  line.       The 

^  For  similar  handles,  ef.  the  jar  from  Erganos,  A .  J .  A.,  1901,  PI.  VI,  4. 

"-  Cf.  Wide,  loc.  cit.,  p.  28  and  Fl.  5,  2. 

^  Cf.  Dragendorff,  Thera  II,  p.  151,  Abb.  363  and  364;  id.,  p.  31)8,  Abb.  495;  Antuili  del 
ImtHuio,  Vol.  44,  1872,  Tav.  d'agg.  K  12;  Jabrbuch,  1888,  p.  341,  Fig.  23;  Athtii.  Mitt.,  1893. 
PL  Viii,  4;  'K<i).  '^^ix.  '•  '•'^9«.  P-    107.  I'ig-  27. 


128  AMHROPOLOGICAL    PUB.    UNIV.    OF    PA.    MUSEUM,    VOL.    III. 

lower  parts  of  the  \ase  and  the  hd  are  decorated  with  bands; 
the  handles  are  also  decorated  with  horizontal  stripes.  The 
lid  has  two  perforations  b\-  which  it  was  tied  to  the  handle. 
6.  Similar  amphora  and  cover,  PI.  XXXII,  i.  The  clay 
is  the  same  as  in  the  preceding;  the  paint  is  redder.  The  lids 
and  lower  parts  of  the  vases  correspond  exactlw  The  decoration 
on  the  shoulder  here  consists  of  horizontal  rows  of  triangles, 
those  in  the  second  row  being  difTerentlv  set  from  the  others. 


Pig.  76.     Krater  of  the  Quasi-Geometric  Style  from  (Chamber- Tomb  1  (i  :  6). 

7.  Krater,  Fig.  76,  of  good  buff  clay.  The  interior  is 
covered  with  black  paint.  On  the  outside  the  decoration  consists 
of  horizontal  bands  and  of  the  pattern  described  on  p.  21.  The 
handles  are  of  a  double  type  frequent  in  the  geometric  period. 

8.  Large  jar  which  contained  vase  26,  and  burned  bones 
inside,  Fig.  77.  The  cla\'  is  reddish  buff;  the  decoration  con- 
sists of  horizontal  bands  and  on  the  shoulder  of  groups  of 
vertical  lines,  the  outermost  of  vv'hich  are  fringed. 

c).  K\lix  (jf  fine  buff  clay  and  good  hard  slip,  PI.  XX\',  2. 
The  design  is  jtainted  in  reddish  brown  and  consists  of  horizontal 


E.  H.  HALL — EXCAVATIONS  IN  EASTERN  CRETE,  VROKASTRO.      1  29 

bands,  a  row  of  lozenges  on  the  shoulder,  and  another  of  tri- 
angles on  the  foot.  The  interior  is  covered  with  dark  paint. 
The  handles  are  embellished  with  knobs. 

10.  Bowl  of  gritty  buff  clay.  The  inside  is  covered  with  a 
thin  black  paint.  The  color  of  the  paint  on  the  outside  shades 
from  brown  to  red.     The  pattern  resembles  that  of  5. 

11.  Similar  bowl  of  fine  buflf  clay  with  slip,  PI.  XXIX,  i. 
Part  of  the  foot  and  several  other  pieces  are  missing.      The 


Fig.  77.     Krater  from  Chamber- lomb  1   (i  :  6). 

paint  used  for  the  interior  and  for  the  design  shades  from  brown 
to  black.  The  decoration  presents  a  new  combination  of  familiar 
motives;  it  resembles  that  of  PI.  XXXII,  2,  but  has  in  addition 
the  quasi-Minoan  curl  which  appeared  on  the  vase  on  PI. 
XXIX,  2. 

12-17.  Similar  smaller  bowls,  Fig.  78.  The  clay  of  which 
they  are  made  is  light,  thin,  and  well  sifted.  The  interior  as 
heretofore  is  covered  with  dark  paint.  The  design  consists 
merely  of  horizontal  bands  and  groups  of  vertical  lines. 


130 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PUB.    UNIV.    OF    PA.    MUSEUM,    VOL.    III. 


1 8.  Similar  bowl,  the  decoration  of  which  was  achieved 
b>-  dipping  the  vase  as  far  as  the  foot  into  dark  paint.  This 
bowl  together  with  the  preceding  numbers  10-17  ^^^'  ^^  regards 
shape,  merel\'  enlargements  of  the  following. 

ic)-22.  (',ups.  decorated  like  the  above  by  being  dipped 
into  black  paint,  Fig.  79.  F'our  specimens  were  nearly  intact. 
It  was  estimated  that  33  had  originally  been  interred  in  the 
tomb.  These  cups  abound  on  every  Cretan  geometric  site. 
The\-  were  found  b\-  .Mr.  Hogarth  in  the  geometric  graves  at 


Fig.  78.     Bowl  from  Chamber-!  omh  1(1:3). 

Knossos;^  by  Mrs.  Hawes  at  Kavousi;-  by  Sig.  Halbherr  at 
Erganos;  and  lately  in  great  numbers  by  Mr.  Hagidakis  in  the 
upper  stratum  at  Tylissos.  They  have  also  been  found  in 
Thessaly.' 

23.  Pieces  of  an  oinochoe,  of  soft  yellow  clay  with  high 
slim  neck  and  twisted  handle.  The  entire  vase  was  covered 
with  a  reddish  paint.  The  clay  of  this  specimen  was  only  par- 
tially baked  and  consequently  crumbled  to  bits. 

'  fl.S.  .•/.  \l.  p.  84,  Fig.  26. 

^A.J.A.,  1901,  PI.  I  (opp.  124). 

'  Wace  and  Thompson,  Prehistoric  Thessaly,  p.  209  c. 


E.  H.  HALL — EXCAVATIONS  IN  EASTERN  CRETE,  VROKASTRO.       I3I 

24.  Upper  part  of  flaring  bowl  of  good  buff  c\a.y.  The  design 
painted  in  brown  consists  of  groups  of  vertical  and  slanting 
lines,  the  outermost  fringed.  The  shape  of  the  rim  indicates 
that  the  bowl  once  had  a  cover. 

25.  Amphora,  PI.  XXXI II,  of  buff  clay.  Pieces  from  the 
rim  were  not  recovered.  The  lower  part  of  the  vase  is  decorated 
with  two  broad  and  two  narrow  bands  of  reddish  paint.  On 
the  shoulder  are  groups  of  concentric  half-circles  within  the 
innermost  of  which  is  what  looks  to  be  a  survival  of  a  Late 
Minoan  III  stereotyped  bud.^  Waved  lines  ornament  the 
neck  and  appear  also  in  the  decoration  of  the  shoulder. 

26.  Amphora  of  fine  buff  clay  orna- 
mented with  horizontal  bands  and  with  a 
single  zigzag  line  on  the  shoulder.  The  shape 
with  its  slender  foot  and  narrow  neck  is  in 
marked  contrast  to  the  preceding  amphora. 
This    specimen  was    found    intact    together 

Fig.  79  (1 

With  burned  bones  within  the  jar  of  Fig.  77. 

27-28.  Pieces  of  two  flasks  similar  to  that  of  P^ig.  95,  but 
smaller.  One  has  an  air  vent  bored  through  the  base  of  the 
handle. 

29.  Small  cup  of  buff  clay,  part  of  rim  lacking.  The 
decoration  in  dark  paint  is  confined  to  two  horizontal  stripes 
and  to  a  row  of  vertical  lines  about  the  shoulder.  This  cup  was 
found,  together  with  the  pieces  of  twelve  iron  blades,  in  an 
unpainted  jar  of  coarse  clay. 

30-32.  Unpainted  bowl  of  fine  buff  clay.  The  shape  is 
unusually  graceful  and  well  fashioned.  It  terminates  below 
in  a  point  as  do  the  covers  to  the  vases  in  PI.  XXXII.      The 


1  Cf.    Transactions   of    the    Department   of  Archcrolo^y   oj  the    University   of   Pennsyhania, 
Vol.  II,  Part  I,  p.  39,  Fig.  jj. 


132  ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PUB.    UNIV.    OF    PA.    MUSEUM,    VOL.    III. 

handles,  which  are  nearly  cylindrical,  are  attached  horizontally 
just  below  the  rim.  Pieces  of  two  other  similar  bowls  were  also 
recovered. 

33.  Bugelkanne  of  fine  buff  clay  with  slip.  This  was  the 
onlv  bugelkanne  from  the  tomb.  it  resembles  closely  that 
shown  in  PI.  XXV'll,  i.  Like  the  other  specimens  from  Vro- 
kastro,  it  has  an  air-hole  on  the  shoulder  opposite  the  spout, 
and  a  small  knob  on  the  top  of  the  false  neck,  both  character- 
istic of  post-Mycenaean  biigelkannen.^  The  decoration  consists 
of    horizontal    bands    and    of  various    combinations  of   zigzag 

lines. 

The  objects  other  than   pottery  from   this   tomb  were  as 

follows. 

I.  Bronze  tripod  support,  ht.  377  m.,  Fig.  80  and  PI. 
XXXIX',  1.  The  fragments  of  this  tripod  were  found  scattered 
throughout  the  tomb.  All  were  recovered  except  a  part  of 
one  leg  and  portions  of  the  cross  supports.  No  traces  were  found, 
however,  of  a  bowl  or  cauldron  which  surmounted  it.  The 
tripod  is  made  of  cast  bronze.  It  consists  of  a  circular  support 
resting  on  three  legs  ornamented  with  lateral  ridges  and  midribs 
which  terminate  at  the  top  in  scrolls  like  those  on  early  Ionic 
capitals.  Above  the  scrolls  is  a  low  abacus.  The  legs  are  flat 
except  for  a  rounded  piece  above  the  circular  foot;  they  are 
strengthened  by  slanting  supports  which  pass  from  a  point 
at  a  third  of  the  distance  of  their  height  to  the  circular  top,  and 
by  horizontal  braces  which  are  united  in  a  central  ring. 

This  tripod  is  in  type  quite  similar  to  one  found  by  Mr. 
Hogarth  in  Grave  3  of  the  geometric  cemetery  of  Knossos, 
PI.  XXX IV,  2,  where  it  was  associated  with  a  fully  developed 


'  Cf.  Wide,  Athen.  Mill.,  XXX\',  p.   19;  and  Jahrbuch,  1899,  p.  41,  Fig.  26;  Xanthoudides, 
'E«^   'ApX  -  '904.  P-44- 


E.    H.    HALL—EXCAVATIONS    IN    EASTERN    CRETE,    VROKASTRO.  1^3 

Style  of  geometric  pottery.^  The  chief  difference  is  in  size,  that 
from  Knossos  being  only  half  as  high  as  our  specimen;  there 
is  also  this  difference,  that  the  midrib  on  the  legs  of  the 
Vrokastro  tripod  divides  and  follows  the  curves  of  the  volutes, 


Fig.  80.     Restoration  of  Bronze  i  ripod  from  Chamlx-r- i  omli  \  {\  :  ^). 

whereas  that  of  the  Knossos  specimen  extends  straight   to  the 

abacus. 

Another  striking  parallel  to  this  tripod  may  be  adduced 
from  Cyprus.      In  Grave  58  at  Enkomi,  were  found  the  pieces 

'  See /J.  .S. //.  VT,  p.  83,  Fig.  25.      Mr.   Hogarth  has   generously  allo\vi\i   me  to  reproduce 
this  specimen  here. 


134  ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PUB.    UNIV.    OF    PA.    MUSEUM,    VOL.    III. 

of  a  tripod  now  in  the  British  Museum  and  reproduced  here, 
PI.  XXXIV,  3,  by  kind  permission  of  Mr.  A.  H.  Smith.  It  is 
slightly  taller  than  our  specimen^  and  the  circular  support  is 
decorated  with  rows  of  herring-bone  ornaments.  The  abacus 
is  lacking  and  the  midrib  of  the  legs  runs  straight  to  the  top 
as  in  the  Knossos  specimen.  It  also  apparently  once  had 
horizontal  supports  uniting  in  a  central  ring.  This  Enkomi 
tripod  was  found  with  iron  blades,  an  ivory  draught-box,  and 
native  Cypriote  ware.-  Another  tripod  similar  in  type  but 
bearing  on  its  circular  support  a  frieze  of  running  animals,  was 
found  at  Curium  by  Cesnola,  and  is  now  in  the  Metropolitan 
Museum.'^ 

And  lastly  may  be  cited  for  purposes  of  comparison,  a 
tripod  found  in  a  geometric  grave  southwest  of  the  Pnyx.'' 
It  is  .45  m.  high.  The  legs  are  ornamented  with  herring-bone 
ornament,  the  circular  top  with  a  row  of  spirals,  between  bands 
of  rope  pattern.^ 

In  spite  of  differences  in  ornamentation,  these  tripods 
correspond  closely  in  form  and  must  date  from  approximately 
the  same  period.  In  determining  this  period,  the  Mycenaean 
character  of  the  Curium  tripod  and  the  geometric  associations 
of  the  Knossos  and  the  Athens  specimens  are  important;  the 
former  indicate  the  end  of  the  Mycenaean  period,  the  latter  the 

'  Both  Mr.  Hogarth  and  Dr.  Poulsen  wrongly  suppose  that  this  Enkomi  specimen  is  of 
much  smaller  dimensions;  the  latter  {Jahrbuch  XX\'I,  p.  229)  calls  it  a  "  Miniaturdreifuss." 
In  reality  it  is  .43  m.  high. 

-  See  Murray,  Excavations  in  Cyprus,  p.  31.     See  also,  B.  S   A.  XV'lll,  p    qs 

'  See  Cesnola,  Cyprus.  Its  Cities  and  Tombs,  p.  335;  Furtwangler,  Sit^ungsbenchie  der  bayern 
Akad.,  1905,  p.  270. 

*  Athen.  Mitt.,  1893,  p.  414,  PI.  XIV. 

'  The  statement  of  Dr.  Poulsen,  loc.  cii.,  thai  the  Hnkomi  tripod  resembles  this  Dipylon 
specimen  "bis  in  die  kleinsten  Details"  is  obviously  an  exaggeration.  With  these  tripods  should 
also  be  compared  the  fragment  from  the  Acropolis,  De  Ridder,  Bronzes  trouvees  sur  I'acropole 
d'Athenes.  p.  23,  Fig.  24.  For  the  further  de\c!opment  of  this  form  of  tripod  support,  compare 
Mon.  Ant.  \\\,  pp.  290-326. 


E.  H.  HALL — EXCAVATIONS  IN  EASTERN  CRETE,  VROKASTRO.      I  35 

period  of  the  fully  developed  geometric  st\le.  Since,  however, 
the  Mycenaean  style  lived  on  late  in  Cyprus,  the  Curium 
specimen  need  not  be  assigned  to  a  period  earlier  than  that 
known  as  "sub-Mycenaean"  and  since,  on  the  other  hand,  such 
pieces  of  bronze-work  would  doubtless  survive  for  several  genera- 
tions, the  Athens  specimen  and  that  from  Knossos  ma\-  well 
have  been  made,  not  in  the  period  of  a  mature  geometric  style 
to  which  the  pottery  found  with  them  belonged,  but  in  an 
earlier  period  of  the  iron  age.  We  thus  arrive  at  the  conclusion 
that  these  tripods  date  from  the  sub-Mycenaean  or  early  geo- 
metric period.  To  substitute  for  these  general  terms  specific 
dates,  is  difficult.  One  piece  of  archaeological  evidence,  however, 
is  available  in  the  connection  established  by  Furtwangler  between 
a  group  of  Cypriote  bronzes  and  the  bronze  paraphernalia  made 
for  King  Solomon's  temple  by  Hiram  of  Tyre.'  He  pointed 
out  that  a  bronze  cart  found  at  Larnaka,  Cyprus,  corresponded 
exactly  to  the  description  in  2  Kings,  VII,  27-37,  *^^^  the  mekonoth 
made  by  Hiram.  Another  similar  cart  was  found  in  C^jtave 
97,  Enkomi.  Both  specimens  present  such  striking  analogies 
to  the  tripods  described  both  as  regards  technique  and  ornamen- 
tation that  it  is  plausible  to  regard  them  all  as  the  products  of 
a  single  C\priote  foundrv.  Furtwangler  assigned  the  Enkomi 
tripod  to  ca.  1000  B.  C  and  the  Athens  specimen  to  the  following 
century.^ 

2.  Six  faience  seals,  all  intact  but  one  wiiich  is  broken  along 
its  shorter  diameter.  Fig.  81  and  PI.  .WW.  The  faience  of 
which  they  are  made  is  now  rotted  and  friable.      No  traces  of 

^  Sit^ungsbcrichtc  dcr  biiyi-rii.  Akad.dn-  l^Visscnschiiflcn,  i<Si)(),  Part  II,  p  420-433.  Cf.  also 
Stade,  Zeilichrijt  jiir  die  allteilamenllichc  IVisscuschd/t,  U)oi,  X'ol.  .\.\1,  p.  14s.  and  G.  Karo, 
Archiv.  Jiir  Religionswissenschaft,  VI 11,  Beiheft,  pp.  54-65. 

^  Poulsen,  loc.cit.,  pp.  228  and  247,  endorses  this  dale,  assigning  this  tiipod  to  a  period 
slightly  anterior  to  looo  B.  C. 


136  ANTF1ROPOLOGICAL    PUB.    UNIV.    OF    PA.    MUSEU.M,    VOL.    III. 

blue  coloring  remain;  these  were  abundant,  however,  on  the 
beads  which  were  found  with  the  seals  and  were  doubtless  worn 
with  them.  The  backs  of  the  seals  consist  each  of  a  pair  of 
shells  between  which  is  a  perforati(MT.  The  sealing  surfaces 
bear  in  intaglio  pseudo-hieroglyphs,  three  being  like  that  of 
Fig.  81,  2.  and  two  like  that  of  P'ig.  81,  3.  The  sixth  shows  a 
hawk-like  figure,  Horus  (?)  with  a  staff  in  his  hand.  The 
hieroghphs,  which  are  crudelv  moulded,  are  unintelligible. 
lE^  ^^      The    question    arises    as    to 

J       whether  they    are    nnporta- 
tions  from  Egypt,  or  native 
ii^.Hi.  (2:3j  Cretan    imitations    of    con- 

temporar\-  Eg\ptian  products.  Mr.  H.  R.  Hall,  of  the  British 
-Museum,  adheres  to  the  former  view;  Mr.  Petrie  suggests  to 
me  that  the\-  were  made  by  Greeks  in  Egypt  for  export.  In 
view  of  the  active  commerce  between  Egypt  and  the  /^gean 
in  this  era  this  view  seems  more  probable  than  the  supposition 
that  Octans  had  established  native  factories  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  glazed  objects. 

A  similar  seal  was  found  in  Eleutherna,  Crete,^  and 
another  in  Grave  24,  Enkomi,  Cyprus.-  Nothing  is  known 
about  the  associations  of  the  Eleutherna  seal;  the  Enkomi 
specimen  was  associated  with  pieces  of  an  ivory  relief  and 
with  two  steatite  seals  the  date  of  which  could  not  be  defi- 
nitel\-  established.  In  Egypt  similar  seals  have  lately  been 
found  in  the  excavation  of  a  village  at  Lisht  which  has  been 
dated  to  the  XX-XXll  d\nasties,''  and  this  seems  as  close  a 
date  as  can   be  assigned  to  them  independently. 

3.   Beads,    PI.   XXXW      About  2^0  beads  were  recovered 

'  'E<^.  ^Apx  ,  1907,  PI.  6,  No.  42. 

-  Murray,  Excavations  in  Cyprus,  p.  21  and  PI.  24. 

■'  I  owe  this  information  to  Mr.  .\.  .M.  Lythgoe,  of  the  Metropolitan  Museum. 


E.  H.  HALL — EXCAVATIONS  IN  EASTERN  CRETE,  VROKASTRO.      I  37 

from  this  tomb.  Several  were  of  carnelian,  one  was  of  steatite, 
the  rest  of  faience.  In  the  case  of  these  beads  it  was  possible 
to  examine  their  material  more  closely  than  that  of  the  seals. 
Some  specimens  were  made  of  a  grayish  brown  clay  and  almost 
all  traces  of  a  glaze  had  disappeared;  others  were  made  of  a 
whitish  clay  like  that  of  the  seals  and  retained  still  their  coating 
of  pale  blue  glaze.  The  beads  of  the  grayish  brown  clay  were 
invariably  of  the  plain  elongated  type.  The  others  were  of 
three  types:  a  barrel-shaped  ribbed  bead,  a  spherical  ribbed 
bead,  and  a  small  disk-like  bead  used  seemingly  to  separate 
the  others  in  stringing.  The  spherical  ribbed  bead  occurred 
at  Amathus,  Cyprus,  a  site  which  yielded  scarabs  of  the  XIX- 
XXI  d\'nasties;  it  was  found  also  in  the  Lisht  villages  of  the 
XX  and  XXI  dynasties. 

4.  Bronze  fibula,  PI.  XX  C.  This  fibula  is  asymmetrical 
with  a  high  forearm  separating  the  bow  from  the  catch.  The 
arch  is  adorned  with  two  bead-like  protuberances.  It  corre- 
sponds accordingly  to  the  third  type  of  fibula  enumerated  in 
Mr.  J.  k.  Myres'  classification  of  Cypriote  fibular.'  In  Cyprus 
it  was  found  associated  with  kate  iMycenaean  and  sub-iMyce- 
naean  pottery,-  but  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  it  has  also 
been  found  in  later  contexts;  the  record  in  regard  to  Tomb 
98  at  Kurion  is  not  quite  clear,  and  if  we  are  not  mistaken  as 
to  the  type  of  fibula  shown  in  Dussaud,  Llle  dc  Chypre,  p.  207, 
Fig.  92,  we  have  here  an  instance  of  its  association  with  pottery 
of  the  Graeco-Phoenician  type.  This  type  of  fibula  was  found 
at  Assarlik  again  in  sub-iMycenaean  context'^  and  at  Aigina.' 

3.  Pieces  of  a  bronze  fibula  similar  to  the  foregoing. 


'  Annals  of  Archceology  and  Anthropology,  Vol.  1 1 1,  pp.  i  ^S   144. 
-  iMyres,  loc.  cii.,  and  Murray,  op.  cit.,  p.  68  and   Figs.  92  and  g^. 
"  J.H.S.  VIII,  p.  74,  Figs.  17  and  18. 
*  Aigina,  Pi.  116.  No.  14 


138  ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PUB.    UNIV.    OF    PA.    MUSEUM,    VOL.    III. 

6.  Larger  bronze  fibula  of  the  same  type  as  4,  except  that 
the  catch  is  in  this  case  narrower  at  the  base.  This  specimen  is 
broken  into  four  pieces  but  is  complete  save  for  the  tip  of  the 
pin  and  a  bit  of  the  clasp. 

7.  Pair  of  bronze  tweezers  or  snuffers. 

8.  Gold  ring  with  plain  bezel  comparable  to  that  found  in 
Tomb  A  at  Mouliana.^     Fig.  82. 

9.  Bronze  fish-hook. 

10.  Axe-head  of  iron,  length  .22  m.,  weight  2.475  ^<^i^o- 
grams.  Like  the  other  objects  made  of  iron,  this  axe-head 
is  so  badly  corroded  as  to  have  lost  its  original  contours.  One  of 
the  cutting  edges  is  also  broken.  The  central  hole  for  insertion 
of  a  handle  is  now  partly  choked  with  corroded  iron  and  measures 
but  .03  m.  in  diameter.  Originally  it  cannot 
have  measured  more  than  .04  m.,  which  seems 
iiiU^  ^"^s^*^  a  very  small  aperture  for  so  heavy  an  imple- 
'g-  2  3 . 5)-  ment.      A  carefully  selected    piece  of    wood, 

however,  might  have  withstood  the  strain. 

11.  Iron  adze,  badly  corroded. 

12.  Iron  spear-end,  PI.  XXI   B. 

13.  Curved  iron  knife  with  short  shaft  for  insertion  in 
handle,  PI.  XXI  J.     The  concave  edge  is  for  cutting. 

14.  Pieces  of  slender  iron  knife,  length  .131  m.,  greatest 
width  .01  2  m. 

1 5.  Part  of  iron  wedge  or  chisel. 

In  addition  to  these  iron  instruments,  which  were  fairly 
well  preserved,  there  were  also  found  masses  of  corroded  iron, 
the  fragmentary  remains  of  spear-ends,  knives,  and  swords. 
Mention  has  already  been  made  of  the  bits  of  twelve  iron  blades 


''E<^   'Apx.    1904,  p.  37.   Fig.  8;   cf.   also  a   ring  from    Praisos,  B.   S.  A.   VIII,   p.   248, 
Fig.   16. 


E.  H.  HALL — EXCAVATIONS  IN  EASTERN  CRETE,  VROKASTRO. 


139 


found  together  with  a  cup  inside  a  burial  jar.  One  of  these, 
it  was  noted,  had  bronze  rivets.  As  many  as  twenty-five 
iron  weapons,  it  was  estimated,  had  been  buried  in  the  tomb. 
And  lastly,  in  the  enumeration  of  the  contents  of  this  tomb 
should  be  mentioned  four  large  disks  of  clay  and  one  of  stone, 
Fig.  83.  Three  had  rounded  tops  and  resembled  great  loaves  of 
bread;  others  were  flat  and  one  was  perforated.  Had  such 
disks  not  been  found  also  in  the  town,  they  might  have  been 
regarded  as  substitute  loaves  for  the  use  of  the  dead.     Since, 


X 


^  »"j 


\: 


*'^', 


Fig.  83.     Sketch  of  Clay  and  Stone  Disks  found  in  C.hamber-  I  ()nil->  I  i  1  :  Oj. 

however,  they  appeared  also  in  the  Vrokastro  houses,  it  is 
preferable  to  regard  them  as  heavy  lids  employed  to  cover  and 
protect  the  jars  in  which  the  ashes  of  the  dead  had  been  laid 
away. 

Chambhr-Tomb   11. 

This  tomb  lies  about  a  kilometer  southwest  of  the  Karako- 

vilia  tomb  on   the  west  side  of   the  ridge  Mazikhortia.      The 

chamber  itself  is  an  irregular  rectangle  measuring  2.04  m.  from 

the  beginning  of  the  dromos  to  the  rear  wall  and  1.70  m.  in  the 


140  ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PLB.    UNIV.    OF    PA.    MUSEUM,    VOL.   III. 

opposite  direction.  The  height  of  the  tomb  as  far  as  the  upper- 
most course  preserved  was  1.09  m.  1"he  roof  had  fallen  in.  The 
dromos  was  .47  m.  wide;   its  entire  length  was  not  cleared. 

The  contents  of  this  tomb  were  extraordinary;  they  con- 
sisted of  twenty-four  skeletons,  three  vases  and  one  fibula.  No 
traces  of  cremation  were  detected.  The  space  in  the  tomb 
seems  scant  for  so  many  uncremated  bodies,  but  it  must  be 
remembered  that  the  skeletons  were  placed  in  a  crouching 
position.  The  skulls  were  found  ranged  in  rows  around  the 
outside  of  the  tomb.  The  only  one  which  was  well  enough 
preserved  to  be  measured  showed  a  maximum  length  of  .187  m. 
and  a  maximum  breadth  of  .123  m.  This  specimen,  however, 
was  crushed  behind  the  ears  and  somewhat  flattened  behind. 
In  addition  to  the  masses  of  human  bones,  there  were  also  found, 
and  these  in  the  upper  stratum  of  the  tomb,  the  teeth  and  bones 
of  cattle,  indicating,  perhaps,  that  a  victim  was  slain  in  honor 
of  this  strange  interment,  which  must  have  been  due  to  either 
war  or  pestilence. 

The  meagre  offerings  left  with  these  dead  were  as  follows. 

1.  Small  jug,  Fig.  68  A,  decorated  with  groups  of  horizontal 
lines  and  with  a  row  of  concentric  circles  on  the  shoulder.  This 
jug  is  the  prototype  of  those  of  Fig.  97.  Similar  jugs  were  found 
at  Kavousi  and  Milatos. 

2.  Fragments  from  a  bird-shaped  vase  like  that  of  Fig.  92,  i. 

3.  Pieces  of  a  badly  rotted  cup  with  two  vertical  handles 
and  a  single  broad  band  about  the  body  of  the  vase. 

4.  Iron  fibula,  PI.  XIX  D,  with  high  symmetrical  arch. 
This  fibula  ad  area,  or  semicircular  fibula,  is  found  over  a  wide 
area.' 

'  For  a  similar  specimen  from  Crete,  see  A.  J.  A.,  ic)oi,  p.  136,  Fig.  2.  Outside  of  Crete  it 
has  been  found  at  Ephesus  (Hogarth,  Ephesus,  P\.  XVII,  Nos.  12  and  13),  in  Italy  (Monteiius, 
La  civilisation  primitive  en  Italie,  Serie  A,  Pi.  V,  41 ;  id..  Serie  R,  PI.  2  13,  No.  i),  and  in  the  Cauca- 
sus (Virchow,  Das  Cirdberfeld  von  Koban.  PI,  I,  4). 


E.    H.    HALL — EXCAVATIONS    IN    EASTERN    CRETE,    VROKASTRO.  I4I 

Chamber-Tomb   111. 

This  tomb  was  the  second  found  on  Mazikhortia;  it  Hes 
between  the  Karakovilia  tomb  and  that  just  described.  It 
measures  1.76  m.  from  the  dromos  to  the  rear  wall,  and  1.34  m. 
in  the  opposite  direction,  and  was  1.36  m.  deep  from  the  floor 
to  the  uppermost  course  preserved.  The  dromos  was  .60  m. 
wide;  it  was  faced  with  rubble  walls  to  a  distance  of  1.5 1  m. 
The  height  of  the  dromos  door  was  .85  m. 

Seven  skulls  were  counted  in  this  tomb.  Neither  these 
skulls  nor  any  other  bones  showed  traces  of  burning.  There 
was  noted,  however,  adjacent  to  vases  4,  5,  and  6,  a  few  bits  of 
charcoal,  so  that  it  is  possible  that  these  vases  should  be  asso- 
ciated with  a  cremated  interment.  The  presence  of  a  quantity 
of  beach  pebbles  indicated  that  the  floor  of  the  tomb  had  been 
prepared  with  these  as  in  Chamber-Tomb  1.  The  pottery  from 
this  tomb  was  as  follows. 

1.  Small  oinochoe  of  soft  yellow  clay.  On  the  shoulder, 
which  is  sharply  differentiated  from  the  neck,  is  a  row  of  con- 
centric semicircles  painted  in  black.  Cf.  Wace  and  Thompson, 
Prehistoric  Thessaly,  p.  211,  Fig.  146  b. 

2.  Larger  oinochoe,  PI.  XXVIl,  4,  of  similar  but  harder  claw 
The  shape  is  both  graceful  and  substantial.  The  design,  painted 
in  black,  consists  of  broad  bands  about  the  body  of  the  vase  and 
a  row  of  concentric  circles  on  the  shoulder.  The  rim.  the  base 
of  the  neck,  and  the  handles  are  also  decorated  with  bands. 
The  circles  have  the  look  of  being  drawn  with  compasses. 
Onlv  the  upper  halves  of  them  originall\-  showed  above  the 
top  band. 

3.  Unpainted  flask  of  coarse  red  cla\',  ht.  .28  m. 

4.  Bowl  and  cover  of  fmel\'  levigated  red  clay  without 
slip,  PI.  XWll,  2.     The  cover  is  slightly  broken  and  there  is 


142  ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PUB.    UNIV.    OF    PA.    MUSEUM,    VOL.    III. 

also  a  piece  lacking  from  the  rim.  There  are  holes  in  both  cover 
and  rim  tor  t\ing.  The  design,  like  those  on  vases  from  Cham- 
ber-Tomb  1,  produces  a  maximum  of  effect  with  a  minimum  of 
originalitx.  Between  two  horizontal  bands  is  painted  a  row 
of  lozenges,  the  central  one  filled  with  checkers,  the  outer  two 
with  cross-hatchings.  The  latter  show  also  a  fringe  of  parallel 
lines  like  that  in  PI.  XXXH,  2.  A  similar  bowl  and  cover  were 
found  b\-  Mr.  Hogarth  in  Grave  6  of  the  geometric  cemetery 
at  Knossos.^ 

5.  Hydria  of  coarse  brown  clay,  ht.  171  m.  The  pour- 
handle  i^  broken  awa>'  and  fragments  from  the  rim  are  lacking. 
Traces  of  bands  of  black  j^aint  remain  on  the  shoulder  and  the 

foot. 

6.  Bowl  with  two  horizontal  handles.  The  decoration  is 
confined  to  two  horizontal  bands  and  a  waved  line  on  the 
shoulder. 

7.  Bowl  with  vertical  handles,  of  soft  buff'  clay.  The  neck 
is  ornamented  with  a  painted  zigzag  pattern  and  the  shoulder 
with  an  incised  pattern  of  lines  and  dots. 

(S.  Amphora,  Fig.  84,  of  poor  buff  clay.  Several  pieces 
are  lacking.  The  shape  is  characteristic  of  the  mature  geometric 
style.  Bands  of  black  are  painted  on  the  rim,  handles,  the  line 
where  the  neck  joins  the  shoulder,  the  body  of  the  vase,  and  the 
f(jot.  The  main  decoration  on  the  shoulder  consists  of  three 
groups  of  concentric  circles,  one  partly  concealed  by  a  band 
of  black  and  a  hatched  triangle.  Cf.  Jahrhiich,  1(899,  P-  4^. 
Fig.  22. 

9.  Pieces  of  two  cups  like  those  of  Fig.  79  and  pieces  of  a 
biigelkanne. 


B.S.A.  VI.  p.  84.  Fig.  26 


E.  H.  HALL — EXCAVATIONS  IN  EASTERN  CRETE,  VROKASTRO. 


•43 


The  objects  other  than  pottery  from  this  tomb  were  the 
following: 

1.  Bronze  disk  with  two  perforations  near  margin,  Fig.  85  N. 

2.  Piece  of  bronze  saw,  perforated  at  one  end  and  decorated 
with  two  lines  of  punctuated  dots.^ 

3.  Bit  of  yellow  steatite  perforated. 

4.  Two  pendants  of  rock  crystal.  Fig.  85,  ()  and  R. 

5.  Faience  beads,  five  of  the 
small  disk  type,  and  one  of  the  elon- 
gated type  with  plain  surface.  These 
are  entirely  similar  to  the  beads  from 
Chamber-Tomb  1. 

6.  Bronze  bead. 

7.  Small  globular  bead  of  stea- 
tite. 

8.  Pieces,  still  adhering  to  the 
knuckle  bones,  of  two  bronze  rings 
made  of  flat  bands. 

9.  Larger  bronze  ring,  Fig.  85  A. 

10.  Bronze  bracelet  of  light  wire, 
Fig.  85  E.  The  bracelet  is  open; 
one  tip  is  lacking. 

11.  Bronze  fibula.  Fig.  85  M  and 
PI.  XX  F.  The  type  resembles  that 
of  PI.  XX  D  but  the  catch  is  broader,  the  swelling  on  the  bow 
larger  and  the  bead-like  ornaments  of  the  bow  are  in  group  of 
threes.     This  specimen  is  only  slightly  asymmetrical. 

12.   Bronze  fibula  of  symmetrical  semicircular  type,    Fig. 

85  Q- 


\:i7 


lig.  84.     Amphora  (i  :  7). 


Cf.  'E<^.  'Ap^.,  1904,  p.  31;  B.  S.  A.  \\\,  p.  135,  F-'ig.  46. 


>4^ 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PUB.    UNIV.    OF    PA.    MUSEUM,    VOL.    IH. 


13.  Pieces  of  nine  straight  pins  their  heads  adorned  with 
bosses,  Fig.  85,  G-L.  These  pins,  it  is  now  known,  were  used 
to  fasten  garments  at  the  shoulder.  For  a  discussion  of  the 
method  of  wearing  them  and  of  their  histor\',  see  Thiersch  in 
Aii[ina,  pp.  404-410. 

G 
H 

I 


L 


e:  M  Q 

Fig.  83.     Miscellaneous  Small  Objects  from  Chamber-  lomh  111. 

Chamber-Tomb  IV   on  Amigth.ali. 

This  tomb  was  more  irregular  in  shape  than  those  just 
described.  It  is  further  distinguished  from  the  others  by  the 
fact  that  the  lintel  consisted  of  two  large  stones  1.44  m.  in 
length,  .40  m.  in  height,  and  .30  m.  in  breadth.  The  greatest 
length  of  the  chamber  itself  is  1.80  m.,  width  1.545  m.,  height 
as  far  as  preserved,  1.15  m.     The  entire  roof  had  fallen.     Cre- 


E.  H.  HALL— EXCAVATIONS  IN  EASTERN  CRETE,  VROKASTRO.      1 45 

mation,  not  inhumation,  was  practiced  in  this  tomb.  At  the 
right  of  the  dromos  door  were  the  remains  of  a  large  unpainted 
jar  of  coarse  clay  containing  a  skull  and  bones  that  showed 
clear  traces  of  burning.  In  a  biigelkanne,  the  side  of  which 
was  broken  away,  there  were  also  found  burned  bones,  but 
this  may  have  been  due  to  chance.  Bits  of  bones,  however, 
were  noted  in  another  small  unpainted  jug,  .18  m.  high.  Bones 
which  showed  signs  of  cremation  were  also  found  scattered 
about  in  the  tomb.  Of  inhumation  without  cremation  there 
were  no  traces,  although  it  should  be  stated  that  the  difference 
is  slight  between  the  bones  of  unburned  bodies  and  those  of 
bodies  the  flesh  of  which  has  been  burned  away.  In  cases  where 
bones  of  cremated  bodies  were  not  gathered  into  vases,  their 
appearance  might  be  quite  similar  to  that  of  the  bones  of 
unburned  bodies  the  original  position  of  which  had  been  dis- 
turbed by  the  collapse  of  a  roof. 

Unfortunately  the  pottery  from  this  tomb  was  of  a  very 
indeterminate  character.  The  majority  of  these  vases  were 
entirely  unpainted.  Many  were  of  a  coarse  clay  which  had 
rotted  to  mud  before  the  tomb  was  opened.  Most  of  them 
lay  opposite  the  door;  those  which  could  be  preserved  were 
as  follows. 

1.  Oinochoe  of  coarse  greenish  clay,  ht.  .18  m.,  Fig.  86  E. 
The  decoration  consists  of  horizontal  bands  and  of  a  group  of 
narrower  vertical  bands  below  the  spout,  connected  by  slanting 
lines.  The  shape  is  good  and  the  decoration,  in  spite  of  its 
simplicity,  effective. 

2.  Unpainted  bowl  of  pinkish  claw  ht.  .ogm.,  diam.  .177  m. 
The  shape  seems  to  be  modeled  after  that  of  stone  vases.  Fig. 
86  G. 

3.  Krater  with  horizontal  handles,  ht.  .isi   m.  Piece  from 


146 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PUB.    UNIV.    OF    PA.    MUSEUM,    VOL.    III. 


the  rim  is  lacking.  Black  stripes  are  painted  around  the  body 
of  the  vase  and  zigzag  pattern  on  the  shoulder/  Fig.  86  D. 

4.  Triple  vase  of  coarse  red  clay,  Fig.  86  F.  This  very 
unusual  vase  is  made  up  of  three  cups  to  each  of  which  a  leg 
and  handle  are  attached;  one  handle  is  missing.- 

3.   Unpainted  bugelkanne,  ht.  152  m.,  F1g.  88  C. 

6.  Pieces  of  two  other  bugelkannen. 


E-  F  G 

Fig.  86.     Pottery  from  Chamber-T  omb  1\'  (2  :  9). 

7.  Small  cup  with  flaring  sides  and  two  horizontal  handles, 
ht.  .067  m.,  diam.  .107  m.,  Fig.  86  A. 

8.  Small  bowl.   Fig.  86  B,  decorated  with  horizontal  and 
vertical  bands. 


'  rhis  vase  may  be  compared  to  one  found  in  a  grave  at  Rakhmani,  Ihessaly.  W'ace  and 
Thompson,  Prehistoric  Thessaly,  p.  47,  Fig.  23  e. 

-'  I  he  vase  at  the  right  of  Fig.  26,  B.  S.  A.  VI,  p.  84,  from  Knossos  cemetery,  Tomb  6,  is 
apparently  analogous.     Cf.  also  Furtwangler  and  Loschcke,  o/).  c?7.,  PI.  111,23,  Nil.     . 


E.  H.  HALL — EXCAVATIONS  IN  EASTERN  CRETE,  VROKASTRO. 


'47 


The  other  objects  found  in  this  tomb  were  as  follows. 

1.  Bronze  pin,  Fig.  87  K. 

2.  Perforated  steatite  disk  ornamented  with  crudeh'  incised 
design  of  animals,  Fig.  87  G. 

3.  Similar  undecorated  disk. 

4.  Heavy  bronze  ring,  Fig.  87  C. 

3.  Two    slender    bronze    rings,    adhering   to    one   another, 
.018  m.  diam. 


mem 


^^.^•25S2SSS3li{.^VSc 


Fig.  87.     Miscellaneous  Small  Objects  from  Chamber- Tomb  IV  (i  :  2). 

6.  Whetstone,  quadrangular  and  tapering,  with  string  holes 
at  either  end,^  Fig.  87  A. 

7.  Part  of    amygdaloid  carnelian    sealstone.       The  design 
indicates    the    last    stages    of     Minoan    glyptic   art.     x^^:^-:». 
Either   the  sealstone   itself  or   else    the   stereotyped    ^^^>^Mi^ 
design  survived  from  the  preceding  era,  Figs.  87  E      ^'^,',^/^'^ . 
and  88.  u  :  3) 


Cf.  Myres-Richter,  Cyprus  Mituiim  Catalog,  p.  52,  481-4S7. 


148  ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PLB.    LNIV.    OF    PA.    MUSEUM,    VOL.    III. 

8.  Porcelain  ribbed  bead,  Fig.  87  D.  This  type  of  bead 
which  was  conspicuous  by  its  absence  in  Chamber-Tomb  1, 
enjoyed  a  wide  popularity  in  the  Late  Mycenaean  period.  It  was 
found  at  Mycens,  at  Palaiokastro,  and  in  the  Zafer  Papoura 
cemeters/  and  lately  by  Mr.  Stais  at  Sounion. 

9.  Eight  beads  of  the  small  disk-like  type  like  those  in 

Fig.  85. 

10.  Faience  seal  like  that  of  Fig.  81,  2,  but  slightly  smaller, 

PI.  XXW,  upper  right  hand  seal. 

11.  Cilobular  bead  of  iridescent  glass.  Glass,  it  is  now 
known,  makes  its  appearance  at  the  end  of  the  Minoan  age. 
It  was  found,  for  example,  in  the  Zafer  Papoura  tombs,  op.  cit., 
p.  72. 

12.  C^\lindrical  steatite  bead. 

I  ^.  Bronze  fibula  of  twisted  wire.  Fig.  87  B  and  PI.  XIX  C. 
This  specimen  is  complete,  although  it  is  slightly  bent  so  that 
it  is  no  longer  symmetrical.  This  type  of  fibula,  of  which  several 
specimens  were  recovered  at  Vrokastro,  is  found  over  a  large 
area;  it  occurred  at  Kavousi,  A.  J.  A.,  1901,  p.  136,  Fig.  2;  at 
Aigina,  op.  cit.,  PI.  1  16,  No.  i ;  at  the  Argive  Heraeum,  op.  cit., 
11,  PI.  LXXXV,  No.  830;  at  Thera,  op.  cit.,  II,  p.  300,  abb. 
489a;  at  Koban,  op.  cit.,  PI.  i,  3;  and  in  Italy,  Montelius, 
op.  cit.,  serie  A,  PI.  V,  40,  and  serie  B,  PI.  213,  No.  2. 

14.  Similar  fibula  with  part  of  pin  broken. 

15.  Large  bronze  fibula  of  the  same  type  as  that  of  PI. 
XIX  B  but  larger,  Fig.  87  L 

16.  Bronze  fibula.  Fig.  87  H.  This  specimen  resembles 
that  of  PI.  .XX,  C  and  D,  but  the  bow  is  symmetrical,  the  arch 
higher,  and  the  central  swelling  larger. 

'  Evans,  op.  cii.,  p.  71,  Fig.  81a. 


E.  H.  HALL — EXCAVATIONS  IN  EASTERN  CRETE,  VROKASTRO.      1 49 

Chamber-Tomb  V. 
After  the  excavation  of  the  tombs  described,  no  more  of 
this  type  were  discovered  until  the  last  days  of  the  campaign, 
when  trials  were  made  of  the  lower  foothills  west  of  Vrokastro. 
Here,  on  the  slope  Kopranes,  three  more  were  brought  to  light. 
The  first  of  these  was  roughly  circular  in  plan,  its  greatest 
width  1.66  m.,  length  2.09  m.;  the  width  of  the  dromos  was 
64  m.,  its  height  1.38  m.  This  tomb  had  evidently  been  rifled; 
not  only  were  there  vases  parts  of  which  could  not  be  recovered, 
but  the  bones  were  scattered  about.  There  is  also  a  village 
tradition  that  the  tomb  had  been  plundered  within  the  memory 
of  men  living,  in  the  dromos  were  the  fragmentar\-  remains 
of  a  pithos;  it  had  been  lying  on  its  side  and  had  doubtless 
contained  a  burial.  The  bones  from  this  tomb  showed  clear 
traces  of  burning;  one  skull  was  blackened,  and  man\-  of  the 
bones  were  rendered  brittle  by  fire.  The  pottery  from  this 
tomb  was  unusually  free  from  geometric  influences.  It  is  as 
follows. 

1.  Large  biigelkanne,  Fig.  89  I,  of  good  buff  clay  covered 
with  a  slip  which  has  now,  however,  largelv  chipped  away. 
The  specimen  has  no  air-hole  and  has  a  large  flat  base  quite 
unlike  the  slender,  tapering  feet  of  geometric  biigelkannen. 
Horizontal  bands  decorate  the  body  of  the  vase.  On  the 
shoulder  is  an  irregular  hatched  area  fringed  below  with  a 
row  of  curls  which  gives  the  ornament  some  resemblance  to  an 
octopus. 

2.  Flask  of  good  clay  only  slightly  coarser  than  that  of  the 
above,  with  slip.  Fig.  89  G.  One  handle  and  several  pieces  are 
missing.  The  ornamentation  is  confined  to  four  concentric 
circles  and  a  small  knob  on  either  face. 

3.  Smaller    flask    of   similar    clay    and    with    similar   slip. 


150 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PUB.    UNIV.    OF    PA.    MUSEU.M,    VOL.    IH. 


Fig.  89  F.       This  specimen  has  but  one  handle  and  only  one 
face  is  preserved. 

4.  Dipper  with  handle  in  shape  of  bird's  head,  Fig.  89  D 
and  Fig.  90.  The  clay  is  buflf  and  has  no  slip.  It  is  incised  with 
horizontal  and  zigzag  lines  and  the  whole  except  the  base  and 
handle  has   been   dipped   in   a   black  wash.      The  specimen   is* 


G  H  I 

lig.  89.     Pottery  from  Chamber-Tomb  V  (i  :  3). 

intended  to  hang,  not  to  stand.  The  handle  is  decorated  with 
slanting  lines  and  the  head  in  which  it  terminates  is  an  effective 
bit  of  modeling. 

n.  Two-handled  k>iix  on  tall  bulging  foot,  Fig.  89  A.  One 
handle  is  missing.  The  black  paint  which  is  used  for  covering 
the  interior  of  the  vase  as  well  as  for  the  design  is  badly  worn. 


E.    H.    HALL — EXCAVATIONS    IN    EASTERN    CRETE,    VROKASTRO. 


ISI 


The  shape  is  hardly  more  than   a  caricature  of  the  graceful 
kylikes  of  the  best  Late  Minoan  III  st\ie. 

6.  Similar  kylix  with  exactly  similar  design,  Fig.  89  C. 
The  paint,  however,  is  redder. 

7.  Small  oinochoe  of  poor  clay,  Fig.  89  B.  The  design  con- 
sists of  horizontal  bands  and  of  a  row  of  triangles  on  the  shoulder. 

8.  Biigelkanne,  with  high  neck  and  spout,  sharpl\'  outlined 
shoulder  and  small  foot,  Fig.  89  E.  The  usual  air-hole  occurs. 
The  decoration  consists  of  hori- 
zontal bands  and  various  com- 
binations of  slanting  lines. 

9.  Biigelkanne,  correspond- 
ing to  the  preceding,  except  that 
the  decoration  in  this  case  in- 
cludes hatched  triangles.  Fig. 
89  H. 

10.  Pieces  of  three  cups  like 
that  of  Fig.  79. 

In  addition  to  pottery  this 
tomb  yielded: 

1.  iron  knife,  PI.  XXI  A,  broken  into  four  pieces.  The 
tang  continues  the  outer  edge  of  the  blade.  The  cutting  edge 
shows  long  use.     Cf.  Prehistoric  Tombs,  p.  22,  Fig.  1 3d. 

2.  Bronze  earring,  .023  m.  diam.,  with  curved  tips  which 
clasp,  Fig.  91. 

3.  Similar  earring  with  ends  broken. 

4.  Bronze  ring,  inner  diam.  .018  m. 

5.  Faience    beads    of   small    disk-like      I's  91-    lironze  Eamngs 


Fig.  90.     Cla>'  Dipper  (i  :  2). 


type. 


Thi^ 


U    -2). 

was    the    onlv    tomb    in    which 


6.  Obsidian    chips, 
obsidian  occurred. 

7.  Bronze  fibula  of  twisted  wire  t\pe  like  that  of  PI.  XIX  C 


1S2 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PUB.    UNIV.    OF    PA.    .MUSEUM,    VOL.    III. 


C  H  .^  M  B  E  R-To  M  B    V I . 

The  second  chamber-tomb  found  on  Kopranes  had  been 
partly  demoh'shed  in  recent  times  b\'  the  construction  of  a 
terrace  wall.  Remains  of  three  skeletons  were  found;  thev 
showed  no  distinct  traces  of  burning.  The  pottery  resembles 
closel\-  that  found  by  Mr.  Hogarth  in  the  Knossos  graves.  It 
is  as  follows. 

I.  Large  flaring  bowl,  Fig.  92.  The  inside  is  covered  with 
black   paint;     the   outside   is    unpainted.      The    handles    have 


Fig.  92.     Vases  from  Chamber-Tomb  \  1  (i  :  3). 

upright  pieces  connecting  the  horizontal  loops  with  the  rim. 
A  similar  bowl  was  found  recently  in  the  upper  stratum  at 
T\  lissos.     Cf.  also,  B.  S.  A.  VI,  p.  83,  Fig.  23. 

2.  Bird-shaped  vase  with  three  knobs  for  feet  and  a  handle 
abo\e.  Fig.  92,  i .  The  vase  is  of  poor  clay  and  the  design  badly 
worn.  It  consists  of  bands  and  waved  lines  following  the  con- 
tours of  the  vase.  The  margin  of  the  design  is  in  one  place 
treated  in  the  old  Minoan  fashion  which  consists  of  drawing 
a  straight  and  an  undulating  line  and  filling  the  intermediate 
space  with  black.     Cf.,  e.  g.,  Sphoungaras,  p.  67,  Fig.  39. 


E.  H.  HALL — EXCAVATIONS  IN  EASTERN  CRETE,  VROKASTRO.      I  53 

3.  Similar  vase  less  well  preserved,  Fig.  92,  2.  Little 
remains  of  the  design,  which  contained,  however,  a  good  deal 
of  cross-hatching. 

4.  Biigelkanne  of  geometric  type  with  air-hole  and  knob 
on  false  spout.     Design,  hatched  triangles. 

5.  A  bird-shaped  vase  resembling  an  askos.  Fig.  92,  5,  and 
constituting  a  type  intermediate  between  that  of  Fig.  92,  i  and 
that  of  a  bugelkanne.  The  decoration  consists  of  horizontal 
bands  and  hatched  triangles  on  its  upper  surface.  Cf.  A.  J.  A., 
1 90 1,  PI.  I,  lower  row,  extreme  right. 

Beside  pottery  this  tomb  contained  the  following  objects. 

1.  Bronze  ring,  .013  m.  diam. 

2.  Coiled  iron  ring,  .013  m.  diam. 

3.  Iron  knife-end  with  four  bronze  rivets  in  the  tang, 
PI.  XXI  F. 

4.  Large  bronze  fibula  with  high  forearm,  PI.  XIX  H. 
The  bow  is  quadrangular  in  section  and  unadorned.  The  fore- 
arm is  sufficiently  high  to  enclose  folds  of  thick  drapery. 

Chamber-Tomb  VII. 
The  last  of  the  chamber-tombs  to  be  described  and  the  third 
found  on  Kopranes  was  well  built  and  well  preserved,  but  con- 
tained remarkably  little.  Only  a  few  bits  of  bones,  apparently 
unburned,  were  found.  The  height  of  the  tomb  as  far  as  its 
roof  was  preserved  was  413  m.;  its  greatest  length,  2.24  m.  and 
width,  1.39  m.  The  dromos  was  .67  m.  high  and  .745  m.  wide. 
The  tomb  contained  five  vases  as  follows. 

1.  Cup  of  the  usual  geometric  type.     Cf.  Fig.  79. 

2.  Three  bugelkannen,  decorated  with  hatched  triangles 
and  provided  with  air-holes  and  knobs  on  their  false  spouts, 
Fig.  93. 


154 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PUB.    UNIV.    OF    PA.    MUSEUM,    VOL.    IH. 


3.  Small  jug,  .126  m.  high,  decorated  with  hatched  triangles 
and  a  waved  line.  Fig.  93,  i. 

Two  other  objects  from  this  tomb  were  the  following. 

1.  Bronze  ring  with  three  coils  still  adhering  to  the  finger- 
bone. 

2.  Iron  spear-end,  .213  m.  long.  • 


Fig.  93.     N'ases  from  ('.hambcr- 1  omb  \'I  I  (about  i  :  4). 

B.  Bonii-Enclosurhs. 
The  t\pe  of  burial  to  be  considered  next  is  less  familiar.^ 
It  was  of  more  frequent  occurrence  in  the  Vrokastro  cemeteries 
than  any  other  one  t\pe.  The  first  tombs  of  this  type  that  came 
to  light  were  discovered  on  the  lower  slopes  of  Karakovilia  while 
the  workmen  were  ranging  about  in  search  of  other  chamber- 
tombs.  rhe\'  looked  at  first  to  be  the  remains  of  very  small 
houses,  but  their  very  shallow  depth,  their  small  size,  and  the 
constant    appearance  of   bones   soon    precluded    this   idea,    and 


Apparently  the  burials  mentioned  by  Mrs.  liawesin  .•/.  ./..-/.,   1901,  p.   154  weie  of  this 


type. 


E.  H.  HALL — EXCAVATIONS  IN  EASTERN  CRETE,  VROKASTRO.      I  55 

convinced  us  that  we  had  to  do  with  bone-enclosures  comparable 
in  type  to  those  of  the  Middle  Minoan  I  period  discovered 
by  the  British  excavators  at  Palaiokastro.^  A  typical  bone- 
enclosure  is  shown  in  Fig.  94.  it  will  be  seen  to  consist  of  a 
series  of  small  and  irregularly  shaped  rooms,  separated  from  one 
another  by  low  walls.  The  bones  found  within  the  small  rooms 
usually  bore  unmistakable  traces  of  cremation,  and  the  potter\- 
buried  with  them  was,  generally  speaking,  of  a  later  t\  pe  than 
that  found  in  the  chamber-tombs. 


^  '^^"'^'^-^il^f^  -W S'^i^^"^!'"^^"/-^?'     /  ''^'    ■  ^ 

Fig.  94.     Sketch  and  Ground  Plan  of  Bone-Enclosure  No.  3  (Ground  Plan  1  :  250). 

Bone-Enclosure   1  on   K.^rakovilia. 

The  first  bone-enclosure  to  be  described  was  found  on 
Karakovilia  due  south  of  Chamber-Tomb  1.  It  consisted  of 
three  adjoining  compartments  all  of  which  contained  bones, 
which  were  clearly  charred.  Many  bits  of  charred  wood  were 
also  noted;  in  fact  there  was  so  deep  and  extended  a  deposit 
of  black  earth  as  to  suggest  the  possibilit\'  of  cremation  having 
taken  place  on  the  spot.  Of  the  three  rooms,  the  central  was 
the  largest;  it  measured  2.10  b\-  1.8  m.  and  was,  on  an  a\erage, 
.45  m.  deep.  The  other  chambers  measured,  that  on  the  east, 
1.42  by   1.70  m.  and  was  .4s  m.  deep;    that  on   the  \\e>t.    i.ss 

^  B.S.A.  Vni,  p.  291,  Fig.  5. 


156  ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PUB.    UNIV.    OF    PA.    MUSEUM,    VOL.    III. 

by  -74  ni.  and  was  .24  m.  deep.  In  all  three  rooms  were  found 
potsherds  in  abundance.  The  painted  fabrics  came  largely  from 
bowls  and  jars  like  those  in  Figs.  60  and  68.  The  eastern- 
most room  contained  nothing  but  potsherds;  the  central  room 
\ielded  the  following  objects. 

1.  Iron  sword,  Pi.  XXI   E,  badly  damaged  by  oxidation. 

2.  Three  iron  spear-ends,  PI.  XXI  C,  D,  ^nd  H.  These, 
with  the  preceding,  were  found  piled  criss-cross. 

3.  Manx  bits  of  thin  bronze  plate  and  wire. 

4.  Cr\stal  button.  Pieces  of  other  buttons  were  noted. 
The\'  had  no  perforations  and  were  beveled  on  the  surface  only. 
They  ma\'  have  been  used  for  inlay  and  have  once  adorned 
the  box  to  which  the  foregoing  bits  of  bronze  also  belonged. 

V  Pieces    from    an    iron    fibula    overlaid    with     gold-leaf. 
This  specimen  was  of  the  same  type  as  that  in  PI.  XIX  D. 
In  the  adjoining  Room  B  were  found  these  objects. 

1.  Beaded  bronze  fibula  of  the  type  of  PI.  XX  B,  the  coil, 
pin,  and  part  of  clasp  lacking.  This  type  of  fibula,  conspicuous 
b\-  its  absence  from  the  chamber-tombs,  was  frequently  found 
in  the  bone-enclosures.  It  mav  be,  morphologically,  a  develop- 
ment from  that  of  PI.  XX  C,  D,  and  F,  or,  as  Mr.  Hogarth^ 
suggests,  the  beaded  ornaments  mav  have  replaced  real  orna- 
ments strung  on  the  bow.  The  type  is  well  known  and  occurred 
at  Ephesus,"  at  the  Argive  Heraeum,'  at  Olympia,^  and  at 
Aigina.^ 

2.  Pair  of  bronze  tweezers  or  snuffers,  .06  m.  long. 
^.   Bronze  pin,  intact  but  bent.  Fig.  sH  D. 

'  Ephesus,  p.  14?^ 
■Op.cU..  PI.  X\il.  3. 
^Op.  cit.,  11.  Pi.  86,  Nos.  877  and  878. 
*Olympia.  Tafdband.  IV,  Pi.  22,  No.  368. 

*0/).  cit..  Pi.  116,  20  and  21.     Cf.  also  Bohlau,  Aiis  ionhchcn  und  itdischen   Kckropolen, 
PI    X\'.  10. 


E.    H.    HALL — EXCAVATIONS    IN    EASTERN    CRETE,    VROKASIRO.  I57 

Bonf.-Enclosurh   II. 

Only  a  few  meters  southwest  of  the  hone-enclosure  just 
described,  a  second  was  located  which  was  found  to  consist, 
not  like  the  foregoing  of  a  row  of  rooms,  but  of  a  single  chamber. 
Its  isolation  and  its  shape,  which  was  very  irregular,  seemed  due 
to  the  fact  that  live  rock  crops  out  on  every  side  of  this  room, 
so  that  only  in  this  one  spot  was  the  soil  sufficiently  deep  for  a 
grave.  The  bits  of  bones  recovered  from  this  chamber  were  few 
in  number,  but  showed  clear  traces  of  burning.  They  lay  loose 
in  the  earth  without  being  enclosed  in  jars.  No  pottery  was 
found  save  a  few  sherds  which  were  either  unpainted  or  showed 
variations  of  the  meander  motive  typical  of  the  developed 
geometric  style. 

The  objects  other  than  pottery  found  were  as  follows. 

1.  Iron  sword,  51  m.  long.  Three  pieces  were  recovered 
which  completes  the  specimen  save  for  a  bit  from  the  handle 
and  the  tip.  The  shape  of  the  blade,  the  order  of  the  rivets 
and  the  form  of  the  tang  correspond  closely  to  those  of  the  sword 
from  Bone-Enclosure  I. 

2.  Large  bronze  fibula  of  the  geometric  type  with  hollow 
bow,  PI.  XX  H.  Parts  of  the  clasp  and  pin  are  missing  and  the 
parts  preserved  contain  several  breaks.  This  fibula  is  note- 
worthy both  for  its  size  and  form.  Like  the  asymmetrical 
fibulae  of  PI.  XIX  B  and  H,  it  was  designed  to  hold  thick  folds 
of  heavy  material,  but  unlike  these  it  is  symmetrical,  for  the 
clasp  is  as  high  as  the  forearm.  The  bow  has  the  shape  of  a 
spoon.  It  is  this  type  of  fibula  which  has  large  clasps  decorated 
with   geometric   ornament.'        Undecorated   examples    like   this 


'See,  e.g.,  Amuill,  1880,  Tuv.  J'agt;.  C>;  Jnhrbuch,  iSSS,  p.  ^Uid  and  ^(mc;  'E<^,  ' ^px  , 
i8t)2,  PI.  XI,  1  and  2;  Arch.  Zcil.,  1884,  i'l.  9,  3,  and  compare  the  list  gi\en  in  .tlhiii.  Milt.  Xii, 
p.  14. 


158  ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PUB.    UNIV.    OF    PA.    MUSEUM,    VOL.    III. 

specimen  have  been  found   at   Rhodes/  at  Thera,-  at   Aigina,"^ 
al  the  .\rgive  Heraeum/  and  at  Olympia.^ 

3.  Smaller  bronze  fibula  of  similar  t\'pe,  PI.  XX  E.  This 
specimen  is  of  very  light  bronze  and  is  badly  broken.  Most 
of  the  clasp  is  missing.  The  spoon-shaped  bar  ligs  in  the  same 
plane  as  the  clasp,  a  variation  on  the  preceding  type  which  was 
perhaps  brought  about  out  of  consideration  for  the  wearer's 
comfort. 

4.  Still  smaller  iron  fibula  of  the  same  type  as  2,  PI.  XX  1. 

5.  Beaded  bronze  fibula,  PI.  XX  F,  complete  save  for  a 
part  of  the  clasp.  This  type  corresponds  to  the  beaded  fibula 
from  Bone-Enclosure  1,  except  that  the  central  protuberance  is 
larger  than  the  others.  A  similar  fibula  was  found  at  Praisos/ 
associated  with  pottery  of  a  fully  developed  geometric  style. 
It  occurs  also  among  the  fibulae  from  Aigina  and  from  Olympia. 

6.  Pieces  of  three  other  fibulae  of  similar  type. 

7.  Bronze  fibula,  PI.  XX  J,  coil,  pin,  and  part  of  clasp  mis- 
sing. This  pin  presents  another  variation  of  the  beaded  type. 
It  resembles  the  pin  of  PI.  XX  B,  except  that  the  beads  are  here 
separated  by  smaller  disk-like  protuberances. 

8.  Lentoid  agate  sealstone,  sealing  surface  damaged,  Fig. 
^)ip^     gs.     The  design  consists  of  a  group  of  fern-like  devices 

springing  from  a  horizontal  marking  and  separated 
Fig.  t,3  from  one  another  by  oval  depressions.  In  the  exergue 
'^  •  ^^"      is  a  double  zigzag.     The  design   shows  no  originality 

and  dates    from    the   same   decadent  period  of  gem-cutting  as 

that  shown  in  Fig.  88. 

^  Zciifiir  Hlh..  p.  2i  J,  Vig.  17;  cf.  :i\soSchum:ichtr,  Saiiimluug  .^ntikcr  Broii-tn,  PI.  i ,  No.  1. 

■Op.  cit.,  11,  p.  300,  Abb.  498p. 

^Op.cit.,  PI.  116,  No.  3. 

*  Op.  cit.,  11,  PI.  LXXX\1,  No.  857. 

"•  Olympia,  Tafdhand  IV,  PI.  XXI,  Nos.  347  and  350,  and  PI.  XXII,  No.  363. 

««.  S.  A.  Xli,  p.  33.  Fig.   10. 


^V<^ 


E.  H.  HALL — EXCAVATIONS  IN  EASTERN  CRETE,  VROKASTRO. 


"59 


9.  Two  bronze  fibulae.     They  are  sv'mmetrical  and  similar 
in  form  to  the  beaded  fibulae,  but  their  bows  are  plain. 
10.. Two  pendants  of  rock  crystal. 
I  I .  Two  glass  beads,  globular. 
12.  Faience  bead  of  small  disk-like  shape. 


Bone-Enclosurh   111. 

This  is  the  bone-enclosure  a  diagrammatical  sketch  of  which 
is  shown  in  Fig.  94.  It  will  be  seen 
to  consist  of  four  adjacent  compart- 
ments; in  onl\'  two  of  these  was 
found  anything  beside  potsherds.  In 
Room  A,  that  furthest  to  the  west, 
was  found  the  amphora  described 
below.  In  its  mouth  was  a  cover 
still  adhering  so  tightly  to  the  jar 
that  it  could  be  removed  only  by 
soaking  in  water.  Above  the  am- 
phora was  a  cup  of  coarse  clay; 
inside  it  were  charred  bones.  We 
have  here,  therefore,  a  clear  case  of 
the  burial  of  cremated  remains  in  jars.  In  Room  C  were  found 
other  charred  bones,  but  these  were  apparently  buried  in  the 
earth  without  being  enclosed  in  jars.  The  bones  from  the 
other  two  rooms  were  too  few  to  indicate  in  what  manner 
they  had  been  interred.  Potsherds  from  all  four  rooms  were  of 
the  same  period  as  the  amphora. 

The  amphora  and  cover  of  soft  pink  cla\'  are  shown  in  Fig. 
96.  The  painted  decoration  is  nearly  worn  away  on  one  side. 
It  consists,  as  usual,  of  horizontal  bands  about  the  lower  part 
of  the  vase  and  of  panels  of  geometric  ornament  on  the  shoulder. 


Fig.  96.    Amphora  and  Cover  (i  :  6). 


i6o 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PUB.    L'MV.    OF    PA.    MUSEUM,    VOL.    III. 


The  neck  is  also  painted  with  lines,  one  of  which  is  waved.  The 
cover  has  a  hatched  design  in  the  center  and  a  row  of  quirks 
around  the  margin. 

Besides  the  amphora  were  found  an  unpainted  cup  of  coarse 
clay,  found  above  the  amphora,  pieces  of  glas5  beads  like  those 
mentioned  before,  bits  of  iron  pin  like  that  of  Fig.  38  C. 

In  Room  C  were  found  pieces  of  a  heav)'  bronze  fibula  like 
that  of  PI.  XX  J. 


A  B  C 

Fig.  97.     Small  Jugs  from  Bone-Enclosure  IV  (about  4  :  9). 


Bonh-Enclosure  IV. 

This  enclosure  consisted  of  three  rooms  and  corresponded 
in  size  and  arrangement  to  Bone-Enclosure  1.  All  three  rooms 
yielded  potsherds  in  abundance;  fifty  per  cent  of  these  were 
from  small  jugs  of  light  clay  like  those  of  Fig.  97,  the  rest  of 
larger  jars  painted  and  unpainted.  The  small  vases  may  have 
been  buried  inside  the  necks  of  the  larger  ones.^  All  bones 
were  burned.  Two  of  the  three  rooms  contained  nothing 
beside  potsherds;   the  third  \  ielded  the  vases  enumerated  below. 

>Cf.  Thera  II,  p.  58. 


E.    H.    HALL — EXCAVATIONS    IN    EASTERN    CRETE,    VROKASTRO.  l6l 

1.  Small  unpainted  jug  of  soft  buff  clay,  ht.  .065  m. 

2.  Small  jug  with  flat  base,  Fig.  97  C.  The  clay  is  soft  as 
in  the  preceding  and  the  painted  surface  badly  worn.  The 
lower  part  of  the  vase  is  ornamented  with  horizontal  bands,  the 
shoulder  with  a  row  of  finely  hatched  triangles.^ 

3.  Small  jug,  Fig.  97  B,  foot  missing.  The  shape  shows 
several  variations  on  the  foregoing;  the  neck  is  longer,  the 
handle  is  attached  not  to  the  rim  but  to  the  neck,  the  body  is 
pear-shaped,  and,  if  M.  Gillieron's  restoration  is  correct,  the 
vase  rests  upon  a  foot.  The  decoration  consists  of  horizontal 
bands  between  which,  on  the  shoulder,  is  a  row  of  concentric 
circles,  and  in  the  central  zone,  vertical  rows  of  arrow  ornaments.- 

4.  Small  jug.  Fig.  97  a,  similar  to  the  preceding  in  type. 
The  shoulder  is  adorned  with  a  series  of  volute  ornaments  which 
herald  a  change  from  the  mathematical  style  of  the  geometric 
period.  This  ornament  may  be  compared  with  that  on  a  Cretan 
jug  of  the  orientalizing  st)ie  in  the  Berlin  Museum,  Athen. 
Mitt.,  1897,  PI.  6. 

Counterparts  of  these  vases  exist  in  the  Candia  Museum; 
they  have  been  enumerated  and  described  by  Professor  Zahn.'^ 
Outside  of  Crete,  this  class  of  delicate  little  vases  has  been 
found  in  geometric  tombs  on  Thera.^  Professor  Dragendorff 
regarded  some  of  these  as  Cretan  importations,  others  as  imita- 
tions of  Cretan  prototypes.  He  suggests'^  that  these  jugs  may 
mark  the  beginning  of  orientalizing  influence,  a  suggestion  sup- 
ported by  the  decoration  of  the  vase  in  Fig.  97  A.      rhe\-  are 


'  Cf.  7/1(7(1   II,  p.  ;iii,  .//)/'.  4991,  and  two  jugs  in  the  Berlin  Museum  fur  \  tiJkerskunJe, 
Jahrbucb,  1900,  p.  33,  ligs.  i  1  i  aniJ  112. 

^  These  do  not  appear  in  the  illustration. 

^  See  Tbera  II,  p.  179,  footnote. 

*  Op.  cit.,  II,  p.  311;  Abb.  499,  a  and  c;    p.  5S,  .Ihb.  200. 

^  Loc.  cit.,  p.  312;   footnote,  27. 


1 62 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PUB.    UNIV.    OF    PA.    MUSEUM,    VOL.    III. 


certainly  one  of  the  latest  fabrics  found  at  Vrokastro.  Professor 
DragendorfT  places  them  at  the  end  of  the  eighth  or  the  beginning 
of  the  seventh  century  b.  c.^ 

In  addition  to  these  vases,  this  bone-enclosure  yielded  two 
bronze  pins,  to  one  of  which  a  bit  of  wire  was  attached.  This 
is  one  of  several  instances  in  which  these  pins  were  found  in 


Fig.  C)S.     jar  from  Fione-linclosure  V  (i  :  2). 


pairs.  The  piece  of  wire  must  be  a  remnant  of  the  necklace  or 
string  of  ornaments  which  passed  from  shoulder  to  shoulder  and 
was  attached  to  the  heads  of  these  pins.  Such  a  necklace  is 
clearlv  shown  on  the  Francois  vase.- 


'  Loc.  cit.,  p.  321. 

-  Cf.  also  Thiersch,  loc.  cit.,  where  a  list  of  vases  depicting  the  use  of  such  pins  is  given. 


E.    H.    HALL — EXCAVATIONS    IN    EASTERN    CRETE,    VROKASTRO.  163 

Bone-Enclosure  V. 

This,  like  Bone-Enclosure  II,  consisted  of  but  a  single  room. 
Its  contents  had  apparently  been  disturbed;  only  a  few  bits  of 
bones  were  found.     The  objects  with  them  were  the  following. 

1 .  Part  of  iron  blade. 

2.  Pieces  of  coarse  unpainted  jug. 

3.  Jar  with  horizontal  handles,  Fig.  98.  The  clay  is  \ello\v 
and  the  design-paint  reddish.  The  decoration  within  the 
panel  on  the  shoulder  consists  of  two  hatched  butterfly  orna- 
ments so  arranged  against  pairs  of  vertical  lines  as  to  give  the 
effect  of  a  Minoan  double-axe  pattern. 

Bone-Enclosure  VI. 

This  bone-enclosure  was  only  a  few  meters  from  Chamber- 
Tomb  II.  It  differed  from  those  hitherto  described  in  that  the 
rooms  were  not  arranged  in  a  single  row  but  were  irregularly 
placed.  The  rooms  were  shallow  and  were  themselves  of  irregu- 
lar outline.  In  Room  2  of  this  group  was  a  pithos  on  its  side 
containing  the  unburned  bones  of  a  child,  which  shows  that  in 
this  period  when  cremation  and  interment  in  bone-enclosures  were 
the  rule,  it  was  still  the  custom  to  bury  children,  uncremated, 
in  jars.  No  indication  of  another  burial  in  this  room  was 
found.  In  front  of  the  pithos  was  noted  a  large  flat  stone  which 
had  apparently  served  as  a  lid  to  the  pithos,  but  which  had 
fallen  from  its  original  vertical  position.  In  all  the  other  com- 
partments were  found  many  bones,  which,  though  the\  were 
not  blackened  as  was  the  case  in  other  enclosures,  were,  in 
view  of  their  disordered  arrangement  and  fragmentary  condi- 
tion, to  be  attributed  to  cremated  burials.  The  contents  of 
this  group  of  rooms  were  as  follows. 


164 


AMUROl'OLOGICAL    PUB.    UNIV.    OF    PA.    MUSEUM,    VOL.    HI. 


Room  I.     1.   Piece  of  a  beaded  fibula,  Pig.  100  B. 
2.    Iron  button  with  bronze  center. 

Kooni  II.  In  the  southwest  corner  of  this  compartment, 
inside  the  pithos  alread\'  described,  seven  articles  were  found. 

1.  lug  of  soft  claw  Fig.  ()C)  C.  The  lower  part  was  once 
entireh'  coxered  with  black  paint.  A  row  of  cross-hatched 
triangles  with  three  horizontal  bands  complete  the  decoration. 

2.  Il\clria,   of  somewhat   better  clav,   with    two   low   hori- 


Fig.  99.     Vases  from  Bone-Enclosure  \l  (\  :  5). 

zontal  handles,  Fig.  99  B.  The  geometric  ornament  on  the 
shoulder  corresponds  almost  exactly  to  that  on  a  jar  from  the 
town,  shown  in  PI.  XW'Ii,  3. 

3.  Small  oinochoe  of  similar  clav,  decorated  with  a  waved 
line  on  the  neck  and  a  row  of  checkered  triangles  on  the  shoulder, 
Fig.  99  a. 

4.  Flaring  bowl.  Fig.  99  D.  As  usual,  the  lower  part  of  the 
vase  is  ornamented  with  horizontal  stripes;  the  upper  part 
shows  concentric  segments,  geometricall\-  exact. 


E.  H.  HALL — EXCAVATIONS  IN  EASTERN  CRETE,  VROKASTRO.      165 

5.  Bronze  fibula  of  symmetrical  type,  Fig.  looC,  like  that 
of  PI.  XX  C. 

6.  Bronze  fibula  of  similar  type,  except  that  the  bow  is  more 
angular,  Fig.  loo  A. 

7.  Crystal  bead,  hexagonal  in  section. 

Room  III.  Iron  spear-end,  broken  in  three  pieces,  length 
.122  m. 

Room  IV.  Iron  fibula  of  a  type  similar  to  that  of  PI.  XX  I, 
but  the  bow  is  solid,  not  hollow. 


Fig.  100.     Iron  Spear-end  and  Fibulse  from  Rone-Enclosure  \1  (1  :  2). 


Bone-Enclosure  VII. 

This  enclosure  was  found  on  Kopranes,  not  far  from 
Chamber-Tomb  V.  It  consisted  of  five  compartments  uns\stem- 
atically  grouped.  The  compartments  were  of  irregular  shapes 
and  were  placed  at  various  levels  on  account  of  the  uneven 
surface  of  the  soil.  The  average  depth  of  the  compartments 
was  .60  m.  In  one  compartment  was  found  on  its  side  a  pithos 
containing  the  unburned  remains  of  a  child.  No  objects  were 
found  with  it.  In  a  second  compartment  were  bones  which 
showed  no  certain  traces  of  burning,  but  which,  on  the  other 
hand,  displayed  no  orderly  arrangement  indicating  a  primarv 
burial.     With  them  were  found  the  following  objects. 


|66  ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PLB.    UNIV.    OF    PA.    MUSEUM,    VOL.    III. 

1.  Flask  of  Cypriote  type  like  that  of  Fig.  57  E.  The  sur- 
face is  badlv  worn  but  shows  traces  of  concentric  circles  of 
varying  width  and  of  central  protuberances. 

2.  Bronze  fibula,  PI.  XIX  G.  This  pin  differs  from  those 
already  described.  It  is  not  a  symmetrical  pin^s  at  first  appears; 
on  the  contrar\-,  the  end  of  the  bow  proper  is  marked  by  a  small 
protuberance,  the  outside  covering  of  which  is  several  times 
slit  open.  The  rest  of  the  pin,  which  is  thinner  and  flatter, 
belongs  to  the  clasp. 

3.  Piece  of  bronze  saw,  see  p.  14^. 

4.  Iron  knife,  .07  m.  long. 

Bone-Enclosure  VIII. 
This  enclosure  contained  two  compartments,  the  walls  of 
one  of  which  were  partly  broken  away.  The  other  compartment 
measured  2.44  by  1.31  m.  and  varied  from  .30  to  .77  m.  in  depth. 
The  bones  were  unmistakably  charred.  The  contents  of  the 
compartment  which  was  intact  were  as  follows. 

1.  Bronze  fibula  of  type  similar  to  that  of  PI.  XX  B,  pin 
and  clasp  broken. 

2.  Large  fibula  of  plain  symmetrical  flat  type  with  plain 
flat  bow,  complete  except  for  pin,  PI.  XIX  E. 

3.  Cylindrical  bead  of  thin  pale  gold  with  repousse  linear 
design. 

4.  Globular  bead  of  rock  crystal. 

5.  Cylindrical  steatite  bead. 

In  the  other  compartment,  the  walls  of  which  had  been 
partly  destroyed,  were  found  the  following  objects. 

1.  Bronze  fibula  similar  to  that  of  PI.  XIX  D,  except 
that  the  flat  bow  is  in  this  case  in  a  different  plane  from  that  of 
the  catch,  PI.  XIX  F. 

2.  Pieces  of  small  iron  saw. 


E.  H.  HALL— EXCAVATIONS  IN  EASTERN  CRETE,  VROKASTRO.      1 67 

Bone-Encloslrh  IX. 

This  consisted  of  but  a  single  room^  and  that  partly 
destroyed.  The  signs  of  cremation  were  clear,  one  skull  being 
badly  charred.  The  only  objects  found  in  this  enclosure  were 
parts  of  two  iron  knives. 

Bone-Enclosure  X. 

This  enclosure,   which,  again,  consisted  of  a  single  room, 
contained  bones  burned  to  charcoal.     With  them  occurred: 

1 .  Part  of  fibula  of  twisted  wire,  type  like  that  of  PI.  XI X  C. 

2.  Fragments  of  a  jar  of  coarse  clay,  decorated  from  base 
to  rim  with  horizontal  stripes. 

3.  Unpainted  bowl. 

Bone-Enclosure  XI. 

This  enclosure  contained  bones  burned  to  charcoal.  Beside 
these  bones  there  occurred  the  following  objects. 

1.  Part  of  bronze  beaded  fibula  like  that  of  PI.  XX  G. 

2.  Two  bronze  pins  like  those  of  Fig.  58  C.  One  of  these 
has  an  eye  just  above  the  point;  the  other  is  broken  in  the 
middle  of  a  similar  eye.  The  presence  of  such  eyes  suggests 
that  a  band  of  ornaments  was  suspended  not  onl\'  from  the 
heads  of  a  pair  of  pins  as  on  the  Francois  vase,  but  also  that 
a  second  string  of  beads  and  pendants  was  held  at  a  lower  level 
by  the  eyes  of  such  pins,  although  it  is  also  possible  that  the 
string  passed  through  these  eyes  was  intended  merel\  to  hold 
the  pins  in  position.' 


1  For  other  pins  with  eyes,  see  Murray,  op.  cit..  pp.  19  and  20.  an  J  PI.  \l  II ;  Cyprus  Mitsrui 
Catalog,  PI.  Ill,  pp.  591  and  594;  and  Aigina,  pp.  413  and  415. 


i68 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PUB.    UNIV.    OF    PA.    MUSEUM,    VOL.    III. 


Bone-Enclosure  XII. 

This  enclosure  consists  of  a  group  of  rooms  irregularly 
orientated  and  shaped.  They  contained  bones  blackened  by 
burning  and  also  the  following  objects. 

Room  1.  I.  Large  open-mouthed  jar,  Fig.  loi.  Hori- 
zontal bands  adorn  the  body  of  the  vase;  on  the  shoulder  are 
painted  three  zigzag  lines  with  checker  pattern  between  them. 
The  shape  is  simihir  to  that  of  the  \'ase  in  Fig.  6i. 


Fig.  lor.      Krater  from  Bone-Enclosure  X  1 1  (i  :  6). 


2.  Pieces  of  seven  cups  ornamented  with  horizontal  bands 
and  comparable  to  that  from  C^ourtes,  shown  in  A.  J.  A.,  1901, 
PI.  l.\.  No.  17. 

3.  Amphora,  Fig.  102  B,  the  decoration  consists  of  hori- 
zontal bands  and  a  row  of  concentric  circles,  two  of  which  in 
each  group  are  separated  h\  checkers. 

4.  .\mphora  of  similar  shape  with  double  handles,  Fig. 
102  .\.  rhe  panel  of  decoration  on  the  shoulder  is  filled, 
strangely  enough,  with  a  scale  pattern  which  is  entirely  Myce- 


E.  H.  HALL — EXCAVATIONS  IN  EASTERN  CRETE,  VROKASTRO. 


169 


naean  in  character.  The  shape  of  the  vase,  on  the  contrar\', 
is  geometric.  A  better  example  could  hardly  he  found  of  the 
intermingling  of  Mycenaean  and'geometric  characteristics. 

Room    11.      Bow  of  bronze  fibula  with   incised   lines.      It 
is  like  one  in  the  National  Museum,  Athens,  from  Dodona. 


Fig.  102.      I  wo  Amphorae  from  l^onc-l  nclosurc  X  1 1  (1  :  Si. 

Room  III.     Large  beaded  fibula,  PI.  X\  A. 

Room  IV.  Jug  of  coarse  clay  with  two  horizontal  handles 
and  a  vertical  pour-handle.  The  lower  part  of  the  vase  is 
decorated  with  closel\'  ordered  horizontal  stripes;  the  upper 
part  shows  triangular  motives.  On  the  handle  is  a  herring- 
bone pattern,  F-"ig.   103. 


170 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PUB.    UMV.    OF    PA.    .MUSEUM,    VOL.    III. 


In  connection  with  these  bone-enclosures  it  will  be  conve- 
nient to  describe  a  building,  the  plan  and  photograph  of  which 
are  shown  in  Fig.  104  and  PI.  XXIV  2.  It  is  conspicuous  both 
by  reason  of  its  regular  plan  and  its  isolation.  The  fact  that 
it  was  found  in  the  neighborhood  of  bone-enclosures  suggests 
that  it  might  have  been  used  in  connection  with  the  ritual  of 
burial  or  cremation.  The  absence  of  charred  remains  pre- 
cludes the  idea  that  it  was  the  place  where  cremation  actually 
took  place.     On  the  other  hand,  the  discovery  close  at  hand 

of    broken    terra    cotta  figurines  implies 
that  the  building  contained  a  shrine. 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  photograph 
of  PI.  XXIV,  2,  that  the  upper  surface 
of  the  wall  is  unusually  even;  evidently 
the  upper  courses  had  been  built  of  brick 
as  in  early  Greek  buildings.  Further 
evidence  for  brick  construction  was 
forthcoming  in  four  blocks  of  lime- 
stone which  showed  one  or  more  care- 
fully dressed  surfaces.  These  had  ap- 
parently served  as  jambs  for  the  doors  at  either  end  of  the 
building.  A  rebate  in  the  surface  of  the  block  shown  in 
PI.  XXIII,  2,  seems  to  show  that  the  door-posts  had  been 
made  of  wood. 

The  onI\'  two  objects  found  in  this  room  were  a  table  of 
offerings  and  a  krater. 

I.  (.'Any  table  of  offerings,  Fig.  105.  The  pieces  of  this 
table  were  found  scattered  throughout  the  building.  Not  all 
were  recovered,  several  pieces  of  the  cross  supports  being  lack- 
ing. The  object  had  been  carefully  repaired  in  antiquity  to 
judge  by  the  rivet  holes  which  were  noted  in  several  places 


Fig.  103.     H\dria  (i  :  3). 


E.    H.    HALL — EXCAVATIONS    IN    EASTERN    CRETE,    VROKASTRO. 


I/I 


on  the  legs.     On   the  top  of   the  table  was    painted    a    large 
rosette.^ 

The  other  object  from  this  building  is  the  krater  of  Fig. 
1 06.  Several  pieces  and  most  of  the  foot  are  lacking.  This 
vase  is  an  example  of  the  fully  developed  Dipylon  style.  Almost 
its  entire  surface  is  covered  with  black  paint;  the  onl\-  excep- 
tions are  three  groups  of  narrow  bands  about  the  body,  and 


erf. 


I  .METtR.x 


Fig.  104.     Flan  of  House  Adjacent  lo  Bone-linclosures. 

the  background  of  the  closely  ornamented  panel  on  the  shoulder. 
The  double  handles  and  the  ribbed  foot  are  both  characteristic 
of  this  class  of  geometric  vases.     The  clay  of  which  this  vase 


'  It  is  possible  that  the  geometric  siierds  men.ioned  on  p.  24^  of  B.  S.  .1 .  \lll  "from  plates 
with  low  vertical  sides,  decorated  on  the  exterior  with  large  rosettes"  may  be  from  similar  tables 
rather  than  from  plates.  1  know  of  no  clay  tables  analogous  to  this  specimen;  clay  tripods  or 
vase  supports  with  openwork  bases  are  fairly  frequent,  see  H.  S.  .1.  \lll  p.  230,  l"ig.  21,  and 
Annals  oj  Archccoloi^y,  III,  PI.  XXIX,  No.  20,  and  'K<^   'A/jx  .  i^^O'S,  PI,  4,  No.  \. 


172 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PUB.    UNIV.    OF    PA.    MUSEUM,    VOL.    III. 


is  made  is  the  hard  reddish  clay  very  similar  to  that  of  the 
bowl  in  PI.  XX\1.» 

The  fragments  of  figurines  found  in  the  vicinitv  of  this 
building  were  a  part  of  a  human  figure,  a  part  of  a  duck  and 
a  part  of  a  figurine  of  a  horse.  , 

PITHOS-BURIALS. 

Burials  in  jars  have  alread\'  been  noted  in  connection 
with  the  X'rokastro  houses,  the  chamber-tombs,  and  the  bone- 


Fig.  105.     Clay  Tahle  from  15uilding  .'\djacent  to  Bone-Enclosures  (1  :  5). 

enckjsures.  Three  other  instances  of  such  burials  in  jars  remain 
to  be  enumerated,  which  were  unassociated  with  either  tombs 
or  houses.  Two  were  located  on  one  of  the  eastern  spurs  of 
Vrokastro,  to  which  the  natives  have  given  the  name,  Khavga 
(Xavyd);  in  a  circular  pit  cut  from  the  hard  white  soil.  One 
pithos  was  on  its  side,  and  contained  the  unburned  bones  and 
the  teeth  of  a  child.     The  mouth  of  the  jar  was  closed  with  two 

'  For  a  ribheJ  base  wilh  rectangular  perforations  see,  ('. ,(;  ,  a  krater  from  Melos  published  in 
Jahrbuch,  1890,  \'ol.  .\1\',  p.  ^4,  Fig.  1  i,  and  ihid.,  p.  80,  Fig.  33. 


E.    H.    HALL — EXCAVATIONS    IN    EASTERN    CRETE,    VROKASTRO. 


•73 


large  disks  of  stone  like  those  found  in  the  Vrokastro  houses 
and  in  Chamber-Tomb  I.  The  other  jar  appeared  at  a  lower 
level  and,  like  Minoan  burial  jars,  was  inverted  and  wedged 
into  position  by  large  stones.  The  bones  inside  were  those 
of  an  adult;  they  showed  no  traces  of  burning.  The  only 
object  found  with  this  burial  was  the  biigelkanne  of  PI.  XW'l  1,  i. 


Fig.   io6.     Geometric   Krater  from   l^uilding  Adjacent  to  Bone-Enclosures 

(about   1:4). 

It  has  the  usual  air-hole  on  the  shoulder  and  knob  on  the  false 
spout.  Its  decoration  presents  close  analogies  to  that  of  the 
pottery  from  Chamber- Tomb  1 ;  the  fern-like  fringe  on  the 
hatched  triangles  and  the  solidly  black  triangle  are  both  char- 
acteristic of  the  earlier  phase  of  Cretan  geometric  style,  of 
which  the  best  examples  were  afforded  b\'  the  potter\'  from 
(Chamber- Tomb  I. 


174 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL  PUB.  UNIV.  OF  PA.  MUSEUM,  VOL.  III. 


The  other  jar-burial  was  found  adjacent  to  Chamber- 
Tomb  IV  on  Amigdali.  The  pithos  was  on  its  side  and  con- 
tained the  unburned  remains  of  an  adult.  One  cup  and  two 
bits  of  perforated  steatite  made  up  the  burial  gifts. 

Interment  Rock-Shelter. 
Lastly,  in  enumerating  the  various  types  of  interments 
found  on  Vrokastro,  mention  should  be  made  of  a  burial  under 
an  overhanging  ledge  of  rock  which  runs  along  the  southern 
edge  of  the  Karakovilia  slope.  Several  skeletons  had  been 
interred  here;  that  they  belonged  to  the  geometric  period 
was  certain,  for  geometric  sherds  and  a  small  unpainted  jug 
like  that  of  Fig.  99  C  were  found  with  them.^ 


'  Cf.  Mr.  Hogarth's  brief   description  of   geometric  cave-burials  in   Zakro,  B.  S.  A.  VII, 
p.   148  and  B.  S.  A.  XII,  p.  3. 


E.  H.  HALL — EXCAVATIONS  IN  EASTERN  CRETE,  VROKASTRO. 


/? 


CONCLUSION. 

The  proportion  of  incineration  and  of  inhumation  in  the 
tombs  described  may  be  readily  seen  in  the  accompanying 
diagram.      In  cases  where  the  number  of  skeletons   could   be 


Chamber-Tombs. 


Bone-Enclosures. 


I 

2 

3 

4    5 

6 

7 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

lO  1  I    12 

1 
Inhumated  Skeletons Child's 

34 

7 

1 
! 

3 

'child's 

ChUd's 

Skeletons  in  Jars 

.ji 

1 

Doubtful 

+ 

+ 

' 

+ 

Cremated  Remains  in  Earth. 

+ 

+  ,+ 

j  + 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+     j  + 

+  ,+ 

+  + 

Cremated  Remains  in  Jars. . . 

3 

+ 

1 

+ 

1 

i  \ 

i 
1 
1 

Diagram  Showing  the  Relation  of  Incineration  and   Inhumation  in  the  Burials  at  Vrokastro. 

observed  the  number  is  noted  in  the  diagram,  otherwise  the 
occurrence  of  a  given  type  of  burial  is  indicated  by  a  cross. 
When  the  bones  are  those  of  a  young  child,  that  fact  is  also 
noted.  The  liabilities  to  error  in  these  observations  are  chiefly 
two:  it  is  possible  that  cremated  remains  found  loose  in  the 
earth  had  once  been  enclosed  in  jars,  inasmuch  as  fragments 
of  pottery  were  invariably  found  with  the  ashes  and  all  pot- 
tery was  broken.  This,  however,  seems  improbable  in  view 
of  the  fact  that  the  bones  were  themselves  so  scattered.  Again 
it  is  possible  that  distinction  was  not  correctly  drawn  between 
burned  and  unburned  bones.  The  difference  between  bones 
from  which  the  flesh  has  been  burned  away  and  those  from 
which   the  flesh   has  decayed   away   is  a  slight   one,  and   it   is 


176  ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PLB.    LN,IV.    OF     PA.    MUSEUM,    VOL.    III. 

unnecessary  to  suppose  that  the  fire  in  every  case  devoured 
the  bones.  This  difficultv'  has,  however,  been  at  least  par- 
tially obviated  b\-  relegating  to  a  doubtful  class  the  cases  where 
the  signs  of  burning  were  not  unmistakable.  Counting 
out  such  doubtful  cases  and  also  child-burials,  the  proportion 
of  cremation  in  the  chamber-tombs  was  fifty  per  cent;  in 
the  pithos-burials,  which  were  distinct  from  tombs,  cremation 
does  not  occur;  in  the  bone-enclosures  it  reaches  one  hundred 
per  cent.  The  natural  inference  from  these  facts  is,  of  course, 
that  the  bone-enclosures  are  later  than  the  built  tombs.  Until 
cremation  had  been  universally  adopted,  chamber-tombs  were 
.still  built  for  the  dead,  but  when  entire  skeletons  were  no  longer 
buried,  and  less  space  was  needed,  the  simpler  and  easier  method 
was  adopted  of  bur\ing  ashes  in  the  small  compartments  of 
bone-enclosures. 

If  now  this  supposition  be  correct  and  the  bone-enclosures 
are  later  than  the  tombs,  the  difference  in  method  of  burial 
will  furnish  what  the  stratification  of  Vrokastro  did  not,  a 
line  of  demarcation  between  the  earlier  and  later  phases  of  the 
geometric  civilization.  It  remains  to  review  the  potter\'  and 
bronzes  to  see  if  differences  are  observable. 

One  difference  is  salient.  The  biigelkanne  which  occurred  in 
ever}'  chamber-t(;mb  except  No.  4,  which,  it  will  be  remembered, 
was  nearly  empty,  did  not  once  occur  in  the  bone-enclosures. 
Other  shapes  reminiscent  of  Mycenaean  ceramic  art  and  fre- 
quent in  the  chamber-tombs  were  lacking  in  the  enclosures. 
These  were  the  kylix,  the  askos,  and  the  duck-shaped  vase. 
With  the  exception  of  one  flask  from  Bone-Enclosure  V'll  and 
of  one  kraler  irom  Bone-Enclosure  XII,  these  shapes  were 
also  lacking  in  the  later  type  of  interment.  'r\pes  of  pottery 
characteristic  of  the  enclosures  were  the  h\dria,  the  geometric 


E.  H.  HALL — EXCAVATIONS  IN  EASTERN  CRETE,  VROKASTRO.      I  77 

amphora,  and  the  small  jugs  of  Fig.  97.  The  potsherds  from 
these  burials  indicated  that  bowls  with  panel  decoration  were 
also  characteristic.  A  comparative  study  of  shapes,  however, 
indicates  neither  that  there  was  a  hard  and  fast  line  between 
the  ceramic  art  of  the  two  periods,  nor  that  separate  interments 
of  the  two  types  were  of  the  same  date.  Several  shapes,  the 
cup  of  Fig.  79,  the  small  oinochoe,  the  flaring  bowl,  Fig.  99  D, 
are  common  to  both.  So  indeed  is  the  geometric  type  of 
amphora,  although  it  is  noteworthy  that  both  this  shape  and  the 
hydria  occurred  but  once  in  the  chamber-tombs  and  that  in 
No.  Ill  which  contained  much  less  that  was  reminiscent  of 
Mycenaean  art  than  the  others. 

As  regards  design,  it  is  observable  that  the  ornament  is 
applied  to  vases  from  the  tombs  less  compactly  than  to  those 
from  the  enclosures.  Together  with  this  close  style  of  orna- 
ment goes  a  tendency  to  confine  the  ornament  to  a  panel  and 
to  cover  the  rest  of  the  vase  either  with  solid  black  or  with 
closely  drawn  horizontal  bands. 

It  must  be  admitted,  however,  that  the  force  of  these 
conclusions  is  somewhat  weakened  by  the  fact  that  the  pottery 
from  the  enclosures  was  much  less  numerous  than  in  the  chamber- 
tombs.  Fibulae,  on  the  other  hand,  were  even  more  numerous, 
and  the  evidence  afforded  by  them  accords  with  that  yielded 
by  the  pottery.  Two  types  frequent  in  the  enclosures  were 
absent  in  the  built  tombs.  1  hese  are  the  symmetrical  beaded 
fibula,  PI.  XX  A,  B,  G,  and  J,  and  the  geometric  fibula  of 
PI.  XX  E,  H,  and  I.  Morphologically,  these  types  are  both 
developments  from  a  plainer  type  of  pin  like  that  of  PI.  XX  C, 
D,  and  F,  found  in  the  tombs. 

We  are  thus  warranted,  I  believe,  in  dividing  the  geometric 
remains  of  Vrokastro  into  an  earlier  and  a  hiter  period  accord- 


lyS  ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PUB.    UNIV.    OF     PA.    MUSEUM,    VOL.    HI. 

ing  to  the  method  of  burial  practiced.  Whether  such  a  divi- 
sion will  hold  good  for  other  Cretan  sites  of  the  iron  age  is 
uncertain.  Both  at  Courtes  and  Rusty  Ridge,  Kavousi,  vases 
of  the  fully  developed  geometric  style  were  found  in  chamber- 
tombs.  There  is,  however,  a  possibility  tliat  tombs  built  in 
the  period  of  the  quasi-geometric  style  were  re-used  in  the 
succeeding  era.  Moreover,  there  is  some  evidence  that  else- 
where also  a  difference  in  method  of  burial  differentiated  these 
two  periods.  Mr.  Hogarth  found  vases  parallel  to  those  from 
the  bone-enclosures  in  "an  oblong  pit,  roofless,"  which  he 
seems  to  distinguish  from  tholoi.  This  may  indicate  another 
modification  of  the  earlier  chamber-tomb  now  rendered  super- 
fluous by  the  universal  adoption  of  cremation. 

But  even  if  there  shall  be  found  to  be  local  variations  as 
to  the  timie  when  chamber-tombs  were  abandoned  and  as  to 
the  type  of  tomb  which  succeeded  them,  this  will  not  impair, 
1  believe,  the  usefulness  of  the  distinction  indicated  by  the 
evidence  at  Vrokastro. 

Questions  of  chronology  now  confront  us.  Before  con- 
sidering them  it  may  be  well  to  review  the  successive  periods 
which  have  been  traced  at  Vrokastro.  The  Middle  Minoan 
period,  since  it  is  separated  from  the  subsequent  history  of 
the  site  which  chiefly  concerns  us  by  the  long  interval  of 
the  .Middle  Minoan  111,  the  Late  Minoan  I,  and  the  Late 
Minoan  II  periods,  may  be  dismissed  with  two  observations: 
First,  that  the  fact  of  a  Middle  Minoan  settlement  on  Vro- 
kastro is  at  variance  with  the  current  view  that  Minoan  sites 
are  to  be  found  in  low-lying  areas;  and  second,  that  it  is  rare 
to  find  in  eastern  Crete  pottery  of  the  Middle  Minoan  period 
without  finding  above  it  pottery  of  the  Late  Minoan  period. 


E.  H.  HALL — EXCAVATIONS  IN  EASTERN  CRETE,  VROKASTRO.      1  79 

Perhaps  it  was  only  the  people  of  this  latter  period  who  did 
not  live  on  hills. 

We  come  now  to  the  main  settlement  on  Vrokastro  which 
lasted  from  the  end  of  the  bronze  age  nearly  to  the  dawn  of 
classical  Greece.  Three  periods  may  be  distinguished;  they 
are  as  follows. 

I.  The  late  Mycenaean  period  represented  by  the  pottery 
from  below  floor  levels  in  the  town.  Associated  with  this 
pottery  were  the  fibulae  of  PI.  XIX  A  and  B.  This  period 
was  not  represented  in  the  tombs  at  Vrokastro,  but  at  other 
Cretan  sites  have  been  found  larnakes  and  chamber-tombs 
of  this  era.^  This  pottery  is  analogous  to  the  L.  M.  I  lib 
class  of  Mr.  Dawkins,  to  the  reoccupation  style  of  Gournia, 
and  to  that  of  Tomb  B  at  Mouliana.-  Some  of  this  pottery 
is  classed  by  Dr.  Mackenzie  as  Achaean  and  is  grouped  by  him 
with  the  succeeding  division  of  our  classification.  That  the 
closest  relation  exists  between  these  two  classes  is  indisputable 
and  that  Achaean  influence  had  already  made  itself  felt,  is 
probable,  -but  the  fact  (a)  that  this  pottery  differs  materially 
from  that  found  in  the  chamber-tombs  at  Vrokastro,  and  (b) 
that  pottery  of  this  type  is  not  usually  found  associated  with 
cremated  burials,  warrants,  1  believe,  its  separation  from 
pottery  of  the  period  of  the  quasi-geometric  style. 

II.  The  period  of  the  quasi-geometric  style,  represented 
by  the  pottery  from  the  chamber-tombs,  which  was  associated 
with  both  cremated  and  uncremated  remains,  and  with  iron 
implements.     The  fibulae  of  this  period  are  those  intermediate 


'  Boyd-Hawes,  Gournia,  pp.  45  and  46;   B.  S.  A.  f^I  1 1 ,  p.  ^oj. 

-  The  cremated  remains  in  Tomb  A  at  Mouliana  belong,  apparently,  with  the  pottery  shown 
in  'E<^.  'Ap^.,  1904,  p.  27,  Fig.  6. 


l80  ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PUB.     UNIV.    OF    PA.    MUSEUM,    VOL.    HI. 

between  the  fiddle-bow  type  and  the  beaded  fibula.  Emphasis 
ma\-  again  be  placed  on  the  prevalence  during  this  period  of 
the  Cypriote  t\pe  of  krater,  which,  as  Dr.  iMackenzie  suggests, 
brings  this  class  into  connection  with  the  warrior  vase  of 
Mvcen^e.  In  Crete,  pottery  of  this  type  has  been  found  in 
Tholos  6  at  Knossos,'  in  the  earlier  tombs  of  Kourtes,'-  at 
Erganos,"  at  Thunder  Hill,  Kavousi,^  and  at  Patela."  Outside 
Crete  the  closest  parallels  are  to  be  found  at  Salamis,^  at 
Assarlik,"  and  at  Skyros  and  Theotoku  in  Thessaly."^ 

III.  The  geometric  period  represented  b\'  the  pottery  from 
the  bone-enclosures.  This  pottery  in  shape  and  decoration  is 
analogous  to  that  found  in  the  Dipylon  cemetery,  on  Thera, 
and  other  geometric  sites.  It  is  invariably  associated  with 
cremated  remains.  The  fibulae  of  this  period  include  the  types 
of  the  foregoing  period  and  also  the  beaded  and  geometric 
tvpes. 

In  determining  the  date  of  this  last  period,  the  close  corre- 
spondence of  the  fibulae  from  the  enclosures  with  those  found 
in  Schiff's  grave  on  Thera  is  of  prime  importance.  All  types 
found  in  the  Theran  grave  are  present  in  the  enclosures 
with  the  exception  of  the  spectacle  type  and  the  kleinasiatisch 
fibula.'  The  absence  of  these  implies  that  the  X'rokastro 
enclosures  are  slightly  earlier  in  date  than  the  Theran  tomb, 
which   was   assigned   by    Dragendorff  to   the  seventh   century. 


'  B.  S.  A.  VI,  p.  84. 

-A.  J.  A..  1901,  Pi.  \IM. 

3  ibid. 

*  Id.,  Pis.  1  and  II. 
*/f.  J.  A.,  1897,  p.  252. 

*  Wide,  loc.  cit. 

-■  J.H.S.  Vill,  p.  69,  Figs.  4-8. 

"  Wace  and  Thompson,  op.  cit.,  pp.  208-216,  and  p.  255. 

'  Loc.  cit.,  p.  300;  Abb.,  489,  t-w. 


E.  H.  HALL — EXCAVATIONS  IN  EASTERN  CRETE,  VROKASIRO.     l8l 

The  resemblance  of  the  small  jugs  of  Fig.  97  to  those  from  Schiff's 
grave  confirms  this  conclusion.  At  Aigina,  beaded  fibulae  were 
assigned  to  the  end  of  the  eighth  and  the  beginning  of  the  seventh 
century.^  The  spectacle  fibula  is  generally  held  to  date  from 
the  early  part  of  the  seventh  century  b.  c-  We.  therefore, 
obtain  as  provisional  dates  for  the  third  period  the  eighth 
century  b.  c.  if  the  absence  of  the  spectacle  fibula  be  a  matter 
of  chance,  an  even  later  date  might  be  assigned. 

The  best  evidence  for  dating  the  period  of  the  quasi- 
geometric  style  is  afforded  by  the  tripod  from  Chamber-lV)mb 
I  and  by  the  fibulae.  Accepting  Furtwangler's  date  for  the 
Enkomi  tripod  as  about  1000  b.  c,  we  may  assign  the  second 
class  of  pottery  to  the  beginning  of  the  first  millennium  b.  c, 
and,  allowing  an  equally  long  interval  for  either  division  of  the 
geometric  style,  we  obtain  1000-830  b.  c.  as  provisional  dates 
for  the  period  of  the  quasi-geometric  style  and  850  to  700  b.  c. 
for  the  period  of  the  mature  geometric  style. 

Of  still  more  absorbing  interest  than  chronological  problems 
are  questions  of  ethnology.  if  geometric  potter\'  be  held  in 
general  to  be  the  product  of  the  Dorian  race,  then  the  third 
period  represents  the  Dorian  invasion  of  Crete.  The  potter\- 
of  the  first  period,  in  view  of  its  resemblance  to  mainland  t\  pes, 
must  be  assigned  to  the  Mycenaeans.  Yet  even  in  this  period 
a  new  influence  is  observable.  Mr.  Dawkins  and  Dr.  iMac- 
kenzie  have  shown  that  the  introduction  of  a  Cypriote  type 
of  krater  and  of  the  geometric  type  of  bowl  indicate  aftlnities'* 
with  the  succeeding  period.  This  new  influence  I  believe 
Dr.   Mackenzie  right   in   ascribing   to   the  Achaeans.       lo   the 


'  /ligina.  pp.  474-475- 
=  B.  S.  A.  Xiil,  p.  72. 
'■'  B.  S.  A.  IX,  p.  320  and  iJ..  X  1 1  i,  p  414. 


1 82  ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PUB.     UNIV.    OF     PA.    MUSEUM,    VOL.     III. 

Achaeans  then  may  be  provisionally  assigned  the  quasi-geometric 
pottery  of  the  second  class.' 

If  these  theories  be  correct,  the  remains  of  Vrokastro 
record  three  great  invasions  of  Crete  from  the  North,  those 
of  the  Mycenaeans,  the  Achaeans,  and  the  Dorians. 

'  Further  evidence  for  this  iheory  is  afforded  by  the  excavations  carried  on  by  Messrs. 
W'jce  and  Thompson  at  Halos  in  Achaia  Phthiotis,  where  pottery  has  come  to  light,  which 
bears  the  closest  resemblance  to  that  from  Vrokastro.  I  regret  that  the  very  useful  article 
in  B.  S.  A.  .Will,  pp.  1-29  reached  me  so  late  as  to  make  it  impossible  to  compare  the 
two  wares  in  detail. 


E.    H.    HALL — EXCAVATIONS    IN     EASTERN    CRETE,    VROKASTRO.  1 83 


APPENDIX. 

Note    on    an    Early    Minoan    11    Cave-Burial    at    Ayios 

An DON L 

In  191 2,  while  the  weather  was  still  so  unsettled  as  to 
prevent  pitching  camp  on  Vrokastro,  trial  excavations  were 
conducted  in  the  neighborhood  of  Kavousi.  Along  the  bed  of 
the  river  which  runs  to  the  north  of  the  village  were  found 
several  rectangular  chamber-tombs  analogous  to  those  described 
in  the  foregoing  report  but  containing  little  else  than  fragments 
of  bones  and  small  biigelkannen  of  poor  clay.  Of  greater 
interest  was  an  Early  Minoan  II  burial  located  in  a  cave-like 
recess  on  the  steep  hillside  immediately  above  the  little  church 
of  Ayios  Andoni  fAyio?  'Avtovl). 

The  objects  found  in  this  grave  were  as  follows. 

I.  Veined  marble  bowl,  intact,  ht.  .67  m.,  diam.  .127  m. 
-2.  Fragments  of  an  alabaster  jug  similar  to  that  published 
by   Mr.   Seager  in   Explorations  on  the  Island  of  Mochlos,   PI. 
V,  VI,  2. 

3.  Sherds  of  Early  Minoan  II  red  and  black  mottled  ware; 
of  a  fme  polished  gray  ware;  and  of  Early  Minoan  111  light  on 
dark  ware. 

4.  Clay  pot  with  suspension  handles  of  reddish  ware,  ht. 
.063  m. 

5.  Small  jug  of  red  cla\',  ht.  .los  m.,  similar  lo  that  pub- 
lished by  Mr.  Seager,  loc.  cit.,  Fig.  7,  1 1  b. 

6.  Three-legged  cooking-pot,  ht.  .()()4  m. 

7.  Farge  gourd-shaped  vase,  ht.   .1^7  m.,   with  suspension 


1 84 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL    PUB.    UNIV.    OF     PA.    MUSEU.M,    VOL.     III. 


handles.      The  objects  other  than  potter)'  from  this  tomb  are 
shown  in  Fig.  107.      The}- are  as  follows. 

1.  Steatite  beads    of    various    shapes,   conspicuous    among 
which  are  three  c\Iindrical  beads  with  ribbed  surface. 

2.  Two   bronze   blades,   closely   analogous   to   blades  from 
.Mochlos.  Joe.  cit..  Fig.  45. 


^KEEnsSja^gSgaajSHSEK? 


nss3IEEtmi^SiSSS 


Fig.   107.     Harly  .Winoan  11  Objects  from  a  Ca\e  Burial  at  Ayios  Andoni 
near  Ka\ousi  (2  :  3). 


3.  Silver  disk  with  central  and  marginal  perforations. 

4.  Bronze  borers. 

5.  lvor\'  pendant  in  the  form  of  a  pig,  Fig.  io8. 

6.  Three  curls,  two  of  silver,  one  of  bronze,  for  confining 
locks  of  hair.       These  curls  are  similar  to  those  found  in   the 


E.  H.  HALL — EXCAVATIONS  IN  EASTERN  CRETE,  VROKASTRO.     185 

second  stratum  at  Troy  (W.  Doerpfeld,  Troia  unci  IJion,  Beilage 
43,  p.  352  and  p.  338),  and  furnish  accordingly  further  evidence 
for  equating  the  second  stratum  at  Trov  with  the  Early  iMinoan 
period  in  Crete. 


Fig.  108.     Ivory  Pig  from  Cave  Burial,  Ayios  Andoni,  near  Kavousi  (2  :  3). 


ANTh 


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ANTHROPOLOGICAL  PUB.   UNIV.  OF   PA.   MUSEUM,  VOL.   Ill 


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ANTHROPOLOGICAL  PUB.   UNIV.  OF  PA.  MUSEUM,  VOL.  111. 


PLATE  XX. 


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ANTHROPOLOGICAL   PUB.    UNIV.  OF  PA.  MUSEUM,  VOL.  ML 


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ANTHR.   PUB.   UNIV.   OF   PA.   MUSEUM   VOL.   II 


PLATE  XXIV 


DOORWAY  OF  HOUSE.   VROKASTRO 


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1.  BUGELKANNE   FROM   PITHOS-BUR I AL,   KHAVGA.     SCALE    I    :  2. 

2.  BOWL  AND  COVER   FROM  CHAMBER-TOMB   III,   KARAKOVILIA,     SCALE    I 

3.  HYDRIA   FROM   TOWN,   VROKASTRO.     SCALE  2   :   5. 

4.  OINOCHOE   FROM   CHAMBER-TOMB   III,    KARAKOVILIA      SCALE  2   :   5. 


ANTHR     PUB.   UNIV.   OF   PA.    MUSEUM   VOL.   Ill 


PLATE  XXVIII 


AMPHORA  OF  THE   MATURE  GEOMETRIC   STYLE    VROKASTRO.     SCALE.    I    :   5. 


ANTHR.   PUB.   UNIV.   OF   PA.   MUSEUM   VOL.   II 


PLATE  XXIX 


1  BOWL  OF  THE  QUASI-GEOMETRIC   STYLE   FROM   CHAMBER-TOMB   I,   KARAKOVILIA  SCALE    I    ;   2. 

2  BOWL  OF  THE  QUASI-GEOMETRIC   STYLE,   VROKASTRO.   SCALE    I    :   2. 


ANTHR.   PUB     UNIV.   OF   PA.   MUSEUM   VOL.   Ill 


PLATE  XXX 


JAR   OF  THE  QUASI-GEOMETRIC   STYLE   FROM   CHAMBER   TOMB   I.   KARAKOVILIA      SCALE    I       4 


ANTHR.   PUB.   UNIV.   OF   PA.   MUSEUM   VOL.   Ill 


PLATE  XXXI 


OPEN-WORK   VASES   FROM   CHAMBER-TOMB   I,   KARAKOVILIA    SCALE    I    :   2. 


ANTHR.    PUB.    UNIV.   OF   PA.    MUSEUM   VOL.   Ill 


PLATE  XXXIII 


AMPHORA  OF  THE  QUASI-GEOMETRIC  STYLE  FROM  CHAMBER  TOMB 
KARAKOVILIA.     SCALE    I    :   2 


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FAIENCE  BEADS  AND  SEALS  FROM  CHAMBER  TOMB  I,   KARAKOVILIA 
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